Abstract
Stem cells have the ability of self-replication and multidirectional differentiation, but the mechanism of how stem cells “maintain” this ability and how to “decide” to give up this state and differentiate into cells with specific functions is still unknown. The Nobel Prize in physiology and medicine in 2021 was awarded to “temperature and tactile receptor,” which made the pain receptor TRPV1-calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) pathway active again. The activation and blocking technology of CGRP has been applied to many clinical diseases. CGRP gene has complex structure and transcription process, with multiple methylation and other modification sites. It has been considered as a research hotspot and difficulty since its discovery. Drug manipulation of TRPV1 and inhibition of CGRP might improve metabolism and prolong longevity. However, whether the TRPV1-neuropeptide-CGRP pathway is directly or indirectly involved in stem cell self-replication and multidirectional differentiation is unclear. Recent studies have found that CGRP is closely related to the migration and differentiation of tumor stem cells, which may be realized by turning off or turning on the CGRP gene expression in stem cells and activating a variety of ways to regulate stem cell niches. In this study, we reviewed the advances in researches concentrated on the biological effects of CGRP as a new endogenous switching of cell stemness.
Highlights
Stem cells are a kind of cells with the ability of selfreplication and multidirectional differentiation, which can differentiate into any cells in the body
Our research has found that alveolar epithelial cells were widely apoptotic and the transdifferentiation ability of alveolar stem cells AT II was impaired in the process of pulmonary fiber
IL-33+ muscle mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are surprisingly close to large fiber nerve bundles and small fiber sensory neurons, which can transcribe a series of genes of encoding neuropeptides, neuropeptide receptors, and other nerve-related proteins, including muscle MSC subtypes that simultaneously express IL-33 and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) receptors; CGRP signal can regulate the production of IL-33 by muscle MSCs and the subsequent accumulation of muscle dendrites [108]
Summary
Stem cells are a kind of cells with the ability of selfreplication and multidirectional differentiation, which can differentiate into any cells in the body. The abnormal expression of CGRP gene can regulate the ability of differentiation and self-renewal in stem cells. DNA methylation is the most widely studied content of epigenetics It mainly studies the regulation of gene expression at the transcriptional level without DNA sequence change, and this change can exist and inherit stably during DNA replication. The DNA methylation level of the promoter with CpG island can be closely related to the transcriptional activity of the gene by binding to transcription factors or changing chromatin structure [36]. It reflects species specificity [37]. The goal of this review is to provide an overview about regulation mechanism of CGRP pathophysiology, with an emphasis on the biological effects on cell stemness in different tissues
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