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Abstract
It has been suggested that cesium is absorbed from the soil through potassium uptake machineries in plants; however, not much is known about perception mechanism and downstream response. Here, we report that the jasmonate pathway is required in plant response to cesium. Jasmonate biosynthesis mutant aos and jasmonate-insensitive mutant coi1-16 show clear resistance to root growth inhibition caused by cesium. However, the potassium and cesium contents in these mutants are comparable to wild-type plants, indicating that jasmonate biosynthesis and signaling are not involved in cesium uptake, but involved in cesium perception. Cesium induces expression of a high-affinity potassium transporter gene HAK5 and reduces potassium content in the plant body, suggesting a competitive nature of potassium and cesium uptake in plants. It has also been found that cesium-induced HAK5 expression is antagonized by exogenous application of methyl-jasmonate. Taken together, it has been indicated that cesium inhibits plant growth via induction of the jasmonate pathway and likely modifies potassium uptake machineries.
Highlights
Cesium (Cs+) is a Group I alkali metal, which exists naturally at very low concentrations in the soil.Cs+ has no known beneficial function in plants; it can, at high concentrations, cause toxicity, observed as growth inhibition
A theoretical modeling predicted that voltage-insensitive cation channels (VICCs) predominantly mediate Cs+ uptake under the K+ sufficient conditions and K+ uptake permeases (KUPs) significantly contribute under the K+ deficient conditions [1]
In Arabidopsis thaliana, some members of cyclic nucleotide gated channels (CNGCs), which belong to VICCs, such as CNGC1, CNGC2, CNGC4 and CNGC10, were predicted to form K+ channels and, suggested as being involved in Cs+ uptake, [5,6,7,8]
Summary
Cesium (Cs+) is a Group I alkali metal, which exists naturally at very low concentrations in the soil.Cs+ has no known beneficial function in plants; it can, at high concentrations, cause toxicity, observed as growth inhibition (reviewed in [1]). Cesium (Cs+) is a Group I alkali metal, which exists naturally at very low concentrations in the soil. The accident at the Fukushima nuclear power plant following the disaster in 2011 in Japan highlighted the importance of understanding the mechanism of cesium uptake in plants to improve phytoremediation efficiency for radiocesium. Earlier studies have suggested that Cs+ may be absorbed by plants in a competitive fashion with potassium (K+), which belongs to the same alkali metal group and shares similar chemical properties with Cs+. The first report that plants accumulate Cs+ through the same uptake mechanism as K+ was published as early as 1941 [4], and many other studies reinforced this view (reviewed in [1]). In Arabidopsis thaliana, some members of cyclic nucleotide gated channels (CNGCs), which belong to VICCs, such as CNGC1, CNGC2, CNGC4 and CNGC10, were predicted to form K+ channels and, suggested as being involved in Cs+ uptake, [5,6,7,8]
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