Cervical Cancer Screening with Pap Smear in Rural Population in Health Camp

Astha Shrestha,S Kc

doi:10.3126/nmcj.v22i1-2.30035

Abstract

Adverse effects (AE) like vasovagal reactions (presyncope and syncope) have negative impact on old as well as new blood donors. Various methods have been suggested to prevent or attenuate AE in blood donors. This study assessed the effectiveness of prehydration with different fluids or applied muscle tension (AMT) during blood donation in preventing or attenuating AE. Consenting and eligible voluntary blood donors (n=448) were randomly allocated to Control (n=115), prehydration with 500 mL plain water (PW, n=97), prehydration with oral rehydration solution (ORS, n=71), prehydration with 400 mL fruit juice (FJ, n=74), or leg muscle tensing during blood removal (AMT, n=91) groups. Donors’ hemodynamic responses to blood donation were assessed by comparing blood pressures (systolic–SBP and diastolic–DBP) and heart rate (HR) recorded before blood removal to values midway during, and at 0 min, 5 min, 10 min and 15 min after blood removal. Presyncope and syncope were defined by BP and HR changes. Subjective AE were also recorded. Overall, 35 donors (7.8%) suffered AE with highest rates in PW (13.4%) and ORS (11.3%) groups and lowest in Control (3.5%) although group differences were not significant (p>0.05, Chi square). Blood removal was associated with significant falls in SBP and DBP (mean falls by 6.63 and 3.35 mmHg, respectively; p<0.001) but an insignificant rise in HR (mean increase by 0.67 bpm, p>0.05). Hemodynamic responses showed significant differences between groups (p<0.001, repeated measures ANOVA). Therefore, role of the interventions in relation to AE in blood donors could not be established.

Highlights

Worldwide almost 280,000 women die of cervical cancer annually; the disease being the second most common cancer in females.[1]
For women in low income countries especially in the rural areas, access to cervical cancer screening is limited; it is estimated that 95% women have never been screened.[5]
Central and South America, the Caribbean, Sub-Saharan Africa part of Oceana, South and South East Asia are the regions with highest incidence of cervical cancerover 30 per 100,000 women.[1]

Summary

Introduction

Worldwide almost 280,000 women die of cervical cancer annually; the disease being the second most common cancer in females.[1] Globally, 500,000 new cases are diagnosed annually. According to the World Cancer statistics of the year 2008, more than 80% of all the cervical cancer cases are found in developing and low income countries.[2]. It has been shown to be beneficial in many high income countries for screening and has reported to significantly reduce the morbidity, mortality and incidence of cervical cancer.[3] The sensitivity of the Pap smear ranges from 55–62 % and specificity ranges from 60–95%.3,4. For women in low income countries especially in the rural areas, access to cervical cancer screening is limited; it is estimated that 95% women have never been screened.[5] The sensitivity of the Pap smear ranges from 55–62 % and specificity ranges from 60–95%.3,4 for women in low income countries especially in the rural areas, access to cervical cancer screening is limited; it is estimated that 95% women have never been screened.[5]

Objectives

Methods

Conclusion