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Abstract
Cervical cancer is the fourth most frequently occurring cancer in women around the world and can affect them during their reproductive years. Since the development of the Papanicolaou (Pap) test, screening has been essential in identifying cervical cancer at a treatable stage. With the identification of the human papillomavirus (HPV) as the causative agent of essentially all cervical cancer cases, HPV molecular screening tests and HPV vaccines for primary prevention against the virus have been developed. Accordingly, comparative studies were designed to assess the performance of cervical cancer screening methods in order to devise the best screening strategy possible. This review critically assesses the current cervical cancer screening methods as well as the implementation of HPV vaccination in Europe. The most recent European Guidelines and recommendations for organized population-based programs with HPV testing as the primary screening method are also presented. Lastly, the current landscape of cervical cancer screening programs is assessed for both European Union member states and some associated countries, in regard to the transition towards population-based screening programs with primary HPV testing.
Highlights
Cancer of the cervix uteri, more commonly known as cervical cancer, is an important public health concern
This review focuses on the available tests and strategies, which are currently employed for screening and prevention of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and cervical cancer
In contrast to screening methods based on cytology, HPV testing does not rely on morphological interpretation and is based on the detection of HPV DNA, HPV mRNA or other viral markers
Summary
Cancer of the cervix uteri, more commonly known as cervical cancer, is an important public health concern It was reported as the fourth most frequently occurring gynecological cancer, with an estimated worldwide incidence of 528,000 cases and 266,000 deaths in 2012 [1]. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) determined that the incidence of invasive cervical cancer can be reduced by at least 80% with the implementation of cervical cancer screening programs based on Pap test every three to five years for women of ages 35 to 64 [5,6,7,8,9]. The current landscape of cervical cancer screening programs of member states of the European Union (E.U.) and some associated countries is reviewed
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