Abstract
Cervical cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer death among females worldwide and its behavior epidemiologically likes a venereal disease of low infectiousness. Early age at first intercourse and multiple sexual partners have been shown to exert strong effects on risk. The wide differences in the incidence among different countries also influenced by the introduction of screening. Although the general picture remains one of decreasing incidence and mortality, there are signs of an increasing cervical cancer risk probably due to changes in sexual behavior. Smoking and human papillomavirus (HPV) 16/18 are currently important issues in a concept of multifactorial, stepwise carcinogenesis at the cervix uteri. Therefore, society-based preventive and control measures, screening activities and HPV vaccination are recommended. Cervical cancer screening methods have evolved from cell morphology observation to molecular testing. High-risk HPV genotyping and liquid-based cytology are common methods which have been widely recommended and used worldwide. In future, accurate, cheap, fast and easy-to-use methods would be more popular. Artificial intelligence also shows to be promising in cervical cancer screening by integrating image recognition with big data technology. Meanwhile, China has achieved numerous breakthroughs in cervical cancer prevention and control which could be a great demonstration for other developing and resource-limited areas. In conclusion, although cervical cancer threatens female health, it could be the first cancer that would be eliminated by human beings with comprehensive preventive and control strategy.
Highlights
Cervical cancer is the second common female malignant tumor globally which seriously threatens female’s health
Thereafter, in November 17, 2020, World Health Organization (WHO) released the global strategy to accelerate the elimination of cervical cancer as a public health problem to light the road of cervical cancer prevention and control in future which mean that 194 countries promise together to eliminate cervical cancer for the first time [7]
In a multi-center case-control study, among women who tested positive for human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA, the risk of cervical cancer increased by 3 times if they have used Oral contraceptive (OC) pills for 5 years or more [37]
Summary
Cervical cancer is the second common female malignant tumor globally which seriously threatens female’s health. In a multi-center case-control study, among women who tested positive for HPV DNA, the risk of cervical cancer increased by 3 times if they have used OC pills for 5 years or more [37]. The correlation between increased HPV CpG site methylation levels and high-grade cervical lesions has been demonstrated in numerous studies and has facilitated the development of quantitative assays targeted CpG methylation [50,51]. China has developed effective cervical cancer prevention and control network which covered screening, diagnosis to treatment, follow-up and rehabilitation step by integrating government support and leadership, multi-sectors’ cooperation, professional personnel support and whole society participation. We could determine the screening solution that has a good effect of disease prevention and control, and is in line with the principle of cost-effectiveness
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