Certain problems in the operation of atomic power stations

Abstract

The experience acquired in operating the atomic power station of the Central Committee on the Use of Atomic Energy for the Council of Ministries. USSR, is evaluated. It is assumed that the reader is acquainted with the main characteristics of the reactor and the technological layout of the power station. A method of fuel-channel reloading is described in which only parts of the core are reloaded; using this scheme it is possible to achieve a greater burnup of the nuclear fuel (up to 20%) as compared with that which can be achieved when total reloading is used (11%). The partial reloading scheme increases the useful life of the fuel channels and makes it possible to use them more economically. It is shown that using the partial reloading scheme, in an effective day (24 hours of operation at full power) 1.2 channels are consurned whereas 1.7 channels are consumed when complete reloading is used. Furthermore, the use of the partial reloading scheme results in a considerable improvement in the uniformity of the neutron field at varying distances from the center of the core. The various problems which arise in starting up the atomic power station from “zero” level to the nominal level are described. The change in reactivity due to the temperature rise is found to be Δk= 0.027±0.003. The feasibility of dispensing with cooling in the side reflector of the reactor, because of the low heat dissipation is discussed. Heat dissipation in the fuel channels following shutdown is also considered. It has been found that the fuel channels can be removed without cooling two hours after the reactor is shut down. The results of a chemical analysis of the coolant water of the primary circuit after various periods of operation are given and it is found that the insignificant amount of washed down contaminants means that operation can be carried on without the use of bidistillate and the condensate from the turbine condenser can be used. Finally, there is a discussion of questions bearing on biological safety and dosimetry. The operation of the station and its technological plant does not constitute a source of danger to the personnel of the station or the population of the surrounding region.