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Abstract
A calorimeter, WAMPAC, operating at room temperature has been designed and installed into the SPS to measure directly the electron cloud induced heat load due to the Large Hadron Collider (LHC)-type proton beam. Theoretical behavior, calibrations, measurement protocols, preliminary results, and simulation benchmarking are presented. Scaling of the results to the LHC indicated a linear heating power in a LHC dipole of about $500\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{mW}\text{ }{\mathrm{m}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ for $5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{10}\text{ }\mathrm{\text{protons}}/{\mathrm{\text{bunch}}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ for a copper surface which is not fully conditioned (maximum of secondary electron yield $\ensuremath{\sim}1.9$).
Highlights
In the cryogenic elements of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), the proton beams will be contained inside a perforated ‘‘beam screen’’ (BS), cooled at a temperature between 5 and 20 K
Preliminary estimations of the heat load deposited by the electron cloud onto the beam screen indicated a non-negligible contribution to the total heat load budget [1,2,3]
We present here the very first observation of a temperature increase inside the calorimeter
Summary
In the cryogenic elements of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), the proton beams will be contained inside a perforated ‘‘beam screen’’ (BS), cooled at a temperature between 5 and 20 K. Preliminary estimations of the heat load deposited by the electron cloud onto the beam screen indicated a non-negligible contribution to the total heat load budget [1,2,3]. The last estimations, including elastic reflection of electrons, give linear heat input in the LHC arc dipole of 3:5 W mÿ for an unscrubbed copper surface and 0:22 W mÿ for a fully scrubbed surface [4]. In the dipole assembly at 5 to 20 K temperature level, the installed cooling power is 1:13 W mÿ per aperture [5]. The total heat load budget is 0:72 W mÿ per aperture. The allocation to the electron cloud is 28%, i.e., 0:2 W mÿ for the dipole field region and 22%, i.e., 1:9 W mÿ for the field free region [6]
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