Abstract
Due to its excellent physicochemical properties, cerium oxide (CeO2) has attracted much attention in recent years. CeO2 nanomaterials (nanoceria) are widely being used, which has resulted in them getting released to the environment, and exposure to humans (mostly via inhalation) is a major concern. In the present study, CeO2 nanoparticles were synthesized by hydroxide-mediated method and were further characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray Diffraction Spectroscopy (XRD). Human lung epithelial (Beas-2B) cells were used to assess the cytotoxicity and biocompatibility activity of CeO2 nanoparticles. 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-Diphenyltetrazolium Bromide (MTT) and Live/Dead assays were performed to determine the cytotoxicity and biocompatibility of CeO2 nanoparticles. Generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by cerium oxide nanoparticles was assessed by ROS assay. MTT assay and Live/Dead assays showed no significant induction of cell death even at higher concentrations (100 μg per 100 μL) upon exposure to Beas-2B cells. ROS assay revealed that CeO2 nanoparticles did not induce ROS that contribute to the oxidative stress and inflammation leading to various disease conditions. Thus, CeO2 nanoparticles could be used in various applications including biosensors, cancer therapy, catalytic converters, sunscreen, and drug delivery.
Highlights
In nanotechnology, nanomaterials have been explored in various fields of science, such as physics [1], chemistry [2], biology [3], medicine [4], pharmacy [5], and materials sciences [6] because of their novel optical and electronic properties that differ from their bulk counterparts [7,8]
In hydroxide-mediated approach, cerium nitrate hexahydrate is dissolved in deionized water to get a homogeneous solution through which the conversion of Ce3+ state to Ce4+ state takes place which gets reacted with sodium hydroxide to synthesize the cerium oxide nanoparticles [48]
The cerium oxide nanoparticles synthesized by hydroxide mediated approach were characterized by various methods such as Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray Diffraction Spectroscopy (XRD), and the results of these methods are discussed here
Summary
Nanomaterials have been explored in various fields of science, such as physics [1], chemistry [2], biology [3], medicine [4], pharmacy [5], and materials sciences [6] because of their novel optical and electronic properties that differ from their bulk counterparts [7,8]. The physical and chemical characteristics determine the main strength of the nanomaterials to be utilized in various applications [10]. Nanomaterials can be used for the development of new cutting-edge applications in communications, energy storage, sensing, data storage, optics, transmission, environmental protection, cosmetics, biology, and medicine [8]. Significant efforts have been made to produce many nanoparticles/nanocrystals with controlled morphologies, shapes, and sizes in the past few years [8]. Examples of some nanoparticles that are currently being explored are cerium, cellulose, silver, titanium, iron, aluminum, manganese, tantalum, gold, or a mixture of at least two thereof
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