Abstract
Several biocompatible materials have been applied for managing soft tissue lesions; cerium oxide nanoparticles (CNPs, or nanoceria) are among the most promising candidates due to their outstanding properties, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and angiogenic activities. Much attention should be paid to the physical properties of nanoceria, since most of its biological characteristics are directly determined by some of these relevant parameters, including the particle size and shape. Nanoceria, either in bare or functionalized forms, showed the excellent capability of accelerating the healing process of both acute and chronic wounds. The skin, heart, nervous system, and ophthalmic tissues are the main targets of nanoceria-based therapies, and the other soft tissues may also be evaluated in upcoming experimental studies. For the repair and regeneration of soft tissue damage and defects, nanoceria-incorporated film, hydrogel, and nanofibrous scaffolds have been proven to be highly suitable replacements with satisfactory outcomes. Still, some concerns have remained regarding the long-term effects of nanoceria administration for human tissues and organs, such as its clearance from the vital organs. Moreover, looking at the future, it seems necessary to design and develop three-dimensional (3D) printed scaffolds containing nanoceria for possible use in the concepts of personalized medicine.
Highlights
The role of metals in humans’ daily lives is notable, and several metallic elements are currently being used to diagnose and treat a broad range of injuries and diseases [1,2]
The potential nanoceria for either inhibiting or killing Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria has been identified of nanoceria for either inhibiting or killing Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria has been through well-identified mechanisms; the direct contact between cerium oxide nanoparticles (CNPs) and bacterial membranes is identified through well-identified mechanisms; the direct contact between CNPs and bacterial considered the main factor [89]
The most significant properties of nanoceria include proangiogenic activity, which is the key to accelerating wound healing and is effective in the treatment of diabetic chronic wounds, and radical scavenging activity, which is behind its antioxidant properties and plays a pivotal role in the therapy of some neural, cardiac, and ocular diseases
Summary
The role of metals in humans’ daily lives is notable, and several metallic elements are currently being used to diagnose and treat a broad range of injuries and diseases [1,2]. Among different types of nano-metals, cerium oxide nanoparticles (CNPs or nanoceria) are considered one of the most promising substances in biomedical engineering approaches [5]. The Ce4+ /Ce3+ redox cycle renders CNPs a multienzyme mimetic activity by which free-radical scavenging, radiation protection, and oxidative stress attenuation are performed [11,12,13]. These properties make CNPs potent substances in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications [14]. The toxic effects of CNPs in the biological systems should be carefully considered; for example, programmed cell death (apoptosis) and autophagy have been reported in human peripheral blood monocytes after the exposure to nanoceria under certain conditions [15]. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first report that focuses on the potential of CNPs in managing damages and diseases of various soft tissues
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