Abstract
Magnetic γ-Fe2O3/CeOx nanoparticles were obtained by basic coprecipitation/oxidation of iron chlorides with hydrogen peroxide, followed by precipitation of Ce(NO3)3 with ammonia. The appearance of CeOx on the magnetic particle surface was confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), and elemental analysis; a magnetometer was used to measure the magnetic properties of γ-Fe2O3/CeOx. The relatively high saturation magnetization of the particles (41.1 A·m2/kg) enabled magnetic separation. The surface of γ-Fe2O3/CeOx particles was functionalized with PEG-neridronate of two different molecular weights to ensure colloidal stability and biocompatibility. The ability of the particles to affect oxidative stress in hereditary hypertriglyceridemic (HHTg) rats was tested by biological assay of the liver, kidney cortex, and brain tissues. An improvement was observed in both enzymatic [superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx)] and non-enzymatic (reduced (GSH) and oxidized (GSSG) glutathione) levels of antioxidant defense and lipid peroxidation parameters [4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) and malondialdehyde (MDA)]. The results corresponded with chemical determination of antioxidant activity based on 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, proving that in the animal model γ-Fe2O3/CeOx@PEG2,000 nanoparticles effectively scavenged radicals due to the presence of cerium oxide, in turn decreasing oxidative stress. These particles may therefore have the potential to reduce disorders associated with oxidative stress and inflammation.
Highlights
On a cellular level, many types of inflammation are associated with the excessive formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as superoxide/hydroxyl radicals and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) (Schieber and Chandel, 2014)
We examined the tissues of the liver, kidney cortex, and brain, where metabolic disorders and changes are associated with metabolic syndrome and diabetes, after administering each nanoparticle type
We developed a combination of antioxidant cerium oxide (CeOx) nanoparticles and superparamagnetic γ-Fe2O3 particles by dual coprecipitation and oxidation of Fe chlorides and Ce nitrate in alkaline media
Summary
Many types of inflammation are associated with the excessive formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as superoxide/hydroxyl radicals and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) (Schieber and Chandel, 2014) Their ability to be scavenged is important in combating serious oxidative stress-related diseases, such as atherosclerosis, liver steatosis, diabetes mellitus, cancer, Alzheimer’s disease, and aging. Due to ability of Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles cerium oxide (CeOx) nanoparticles to mimic antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) (Korsvik et al, 2007; Celardo et al, 2011), catalase (CAT) (Pirmohamed et al, 2010), and peroxidase (Jiao et al, 2012), they have recently received considerable attention as a potentially useful antioxidant agent in mitigating these diseases These nanoparticles are adept at scavenging almost all types of reactive species, including hydroxyl and nitroxyl radicals. In order to enhance scavenging activity, the surface area of CeOx must be increased, achieved by decreasing their overall size to a nanometer scale
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