Abstract
Growing nanomaterials based consumer applications have raised concerns about their potential release into the aquatic ecosystems and the consequent toxicological impacts. So environmental monitoring of the nanomaterials in aqueous systems becomes imperative. The current study reveals the potential of Ceriodaphnia dubia (C. dubia) as a bio-indicator for aluminum oxide nanoparticles in a fresh water aquatic ecosystem where it occupies an important ecological niche as a primary consumer. This study aims to investigate the aluminium oxide nanoparticle induced acute toxicity on Ceriodaphnia dubia in a freshwater system. The bioavailability of the aluminum oxide nanoparticles has been studied with respect to their aggregation behavior in the system and correlated with the toxicity endpoints. The oxidative stress generated by the particles contributed greatly toward their toxicity. The crucial role of leached aluminium ion mediated toxicity in the later phases (48 h and 72 h) in conjunction with the effects from the nano-sized particles in the initial phases (24 h) puts forth the dynamics of nanotoxicity in the test system. The internalization of nanoparticles (both gross and systemic uptake) as substantiated through the transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectral (ICP-OES) analysis was another major contributor toward acute toxicity. Concluding the present study, Ceriodaphnia dubia can be a promising candidate for bio-monitoring the aluminium oxide nanoparticles in a fresh water system.
Highlights
The present scale at which the nanotechnology industry is growing, it is estimated that it will be worth nearly a trillion dollar by the year 2015 [1], optimistic forecasts suggest the production of metal oxide nanoparticles to rise from 270, 041 tons in 2012 to 1663, 168 tons by 2020 [2]
With increasing proliferation in the usage it is certain that aluminum oxide nanoparticles will find a way into the biosphere [17], chemtrails left by jet fuel have already raised concerns over their role increased incidences of Alzheimer disease [18]
The X-ray Diffraction results showed five dominant peaks [37.72, 36.53, 39.46 47.80 and 67.01u respectively], which were corroborated with the database of Joint Committee on Powder Diffraction Standards (JCPDS) card file no. 46-1215 and affirm the crystalline nature of the material to be of aluminum oxide (Figure 1)
Summary
The present scale at which the nanotechnology industry is growing, it is estimated that it will be worth nearly a trillion dollar by the year 2015 [1], optimistic forecasts suggest the production of metal oxide nanoparticles to rise from 270, 041 tons in 2012 to 1663, 168 tons by 2020 [2]. With increasing proliferation in the usage it is certain that aluminum oxide nanoparticles will find a way into the biosphere [17], chemtrails left by jet fuel have already raised concerns over their role increased incidences of Alzheimer disease [18]. Several relevant studies concerning aluminum oxide nanoparticles toxicity include its detrimental effects on prokaryotic microorganisms [19], microalgae species [20], aquatic cladocerans [21], earthworms [22], nematodes [23], zebra fish [24] and cell lines [25]. Despite the growing market size of aluminum oxide and its proven toxicity record we feel that there is a dearth of available literature concerning its toxicity in the aquatic environment and a significant knowledge gap exists between time dependent monitoring of bioavailability and resulting toxicity of nanoparticles [26]
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