Cerebrospinal fluid analysis for diagnostics and research: Basic analytes and their interpretation base, the cumulative data report and disease-related, typical data patterns

Abstract

Alzheimer's disease (AD) was believed to be mainly due to the accumulation of free radicals that trigger the membrane peroxidation and protein oxidation in brain tissue. The mechanism of β-amyloid (Aβ) formation, aggregation in AlCl3 induced AD in hippocampus rat brain tissue, the curative and the protective effects of Lepedium sativum (LS) water extract as a natural anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and as acetylcholinesterase inhibitor were explored.Adult Albino male Wistar rats rat divided into; control, AD, curative, protective, and LS groups (n = 20). Hippocampus tissue were studied histologically and spectroscopically by ATR-IR.Many significant changes in band position, area and half band width of the resultant decomposed bands between AD and the other tested groups. The α-helix band in the raw spectra was resolved into two distinct sub-bands around 1651 and 1659 cm−1 with different percentage areas in all tested groups and in the random coil sub-band as well. A hypothesis on how Aβ is formed and re-solubilized through transit α-helix and random coil formation was postulated in response to LS treatment. In AD rat hippocampus tissue, a significant marked degenerative change was observed in the hippocampal neurons. Most cells appeared smaller, shrunk, deformed and pyknotic nuclei that stained deeply by Congo red. In curative group, the amount of degenerated cells markedly decrease compared to AD group. The intensity of Congo red stained cells was decreased.This study gave a highlight on the therapeutic effect of LS that can manage Aβ formation and re-solubilisation on AD rat model.