Cerebral Small Vessel Diseases and Sleep Related Strokes

Abstract

Background and Purpose: Sleep related Stroke (SRS) is common and has been associated with cerebral small vessel diseases (SVD) in ischemic strokes (ISs). We tested the hypothesis that SRS is associated with SVD in both ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke. Methods: Prospectively collected data from patients consecutively enrolled after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) related to SVD or after IS were analyzed. Symptom onset was recorded as SRS versus awake. Each ICH was grouped according to lobar and deep locations. The IS cohort was etiologically characterized based on the Causative Classification of Stroke system. Frequencies of SRS within and between ICH and IS cohorts as well as its associations (etiology, risk factors) were analyzed. Results: We analyzed 1812 IS (mean age 67.9 years ± 15.9 years, 46.4% female) and 1038 ICH patients (mean age 72.5 years ± 13.0 years, 45.4% female). SRS was significantly more common among SVD-related ICH patients (n = 276, 26.6%) when compared to all IS (n = 363, 20.0%, P < .001) and in both, small artery occlusion (SAO) related IS and lobar ICH within the respective IS and ICH cohorts (16.3% SRS versus 9.1% awake for SAO within all IS, P < .001; and 57.1% SRS versus 47.7% awake for lobar bleeds within all ICH, P = .008). These associations remained significant after controlling for age, sex and risk factors. Conclusions: SRS was associated with SVD. The SAO etiology and cerebral amyloid angiopathy related lobar ICH suggest that the presence of SVD can interact with sleep or arousal related hemodynamic changes to cause ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke.