Abstract
Cereal aphids continue to be an important agricultural pest, with complex lifecycle and dispersal behaviours. Spatially-explicit models that are able to simulate flight initiation, movement direction, distance and timing of arrival of key aphid species can be highly valuable to area-wide pest management programmes. Here I present an overview of how knowledge about cereal aphid flight and migration can be utilized by mechanistic simulation models. This article identifies specific gaps in knowledge for researchers who may wish to further scientific understanding of aphid flight behaviour, whilst at the same time provides a synopsis of the knowledge requirements for a mechanistic approach applicable to the simulation of a wide range of insect species.Although they are one of the most comprehensively studied insect groups in entomology, it is only recently that our understanding of cereal aphid flight and migration has been translated effectively into spatially-explicit simulation models. There are now a multitude of examples available in the literature for modelling methods that address each of the four phases of the aerial transportation process (uplift, transport in the atmosphere, initial distribution, and subsequent movement). I believe it should now be possible to draw together this knowledgebase and the range of modelling methods available to simulate the entire process: integrating mechanistic simulations that estimate the initiation of migration events, with the large scale migration modelling of cereal aphids and their subsequent local movement.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/2051-3933-1-14) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Highlights
There are approximately 5,000 species of aphid across the world, only a handful pose a threat to cereal production
‘Migration’ is taken to be the periodic flight of insects beyond the boundaries of their old breeding habitats into new ones, where migrant behaviour refers to individuals “that are relatively undistracted during flight by stimuli that normally lead fairly quickly to the satisfaction of normal appetites and especially to oviposition” [2] pp 19
There is an extremely rich literature spanning decades that is relevant to understanding many aspects of cereal aphid flight and migration
Summary
There are approximately 5,000 species of aphid across the world, only a handful pose a threat to cereal production. Simulating aphid migration To simulate aphid migration it is necessary to bring together process-based population dynamics models to model flight initiation (Figure 2) and long-distance dispersal simulation techniques using wind trajectoriesa Such integrated simulation methods are available to study the entire aerial transportation process through four phases: at the source, in the atmosphere, the initial distribution following transportation and subsequent local movement and risk (see Figure 1). Along with the depth of knowledge available on the mechanisms of aphid flight, this modelling toolbox gives the opportunity to move towards simulation models that are capable of integrating the mechanisms of flight initiation, the transportation process and the arrival of aphids
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