Abstract
The most commonly occurring elements in the earth’s crust are oxygen, which accounts for approximately 50 percent of the total; silicon, which is about 25 percent; aluminum, at around 8 percent; and iron, which makes up 6 percent. Thus, almost 90 percent of the available materials at the earth’s surface are made up of those four elements. The majority of such raw materials are oxides, specifically silicon oxides or silicates, which are ceramic materials. Plastics or polymers and most metals (with the exception of the noble metals) do not exist as raw materials or minerals in their natural states.
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