Abstract
Regeneration, a process consisting in regrowth of damaged structures and their functional recovery, is widespread in several phyla of the animal kingdom from lower invertebrates to mammals. Among the regeneration-competent species, the actual ability to restore the full form and function of the injured tissue varies greatly, from species being able to undergo whole-body and internal organ regeneration, to instances in which this ability is limited to a few tissues. Among invertebrates, cephalopod mollusks retain the ability to regenerate several structures (i.e., muscles, nerves, or entire appendages). Here we provide an overview of more than one-hundred studies carried out over the last 160 years of research. Despite the great effort, many aspects of tissue regeneration in cephalopods, including the associated molecular and cellular machinery, remain largely unexplored. Our approach is largely descriptive and aims to provide a reference to prior work thus to facilitate future research efforts. We believe such research may lead to important discoveries and approaches that can be applied to other animal taxa including higher vertebrates, as well as other research fields such as regenerative medicine.
Highlights
Johannes Japetus Steenstrup, a Danish zoologist, was the first to report evidence for appendage regeneration in cephalopods
By examining decades of scientific literature, we found accounts that provide evidence of regeneration occurring in a variety of cephalopod tissue types, including the appendages, as well as aspects of the peripheral and central nervous systems
Lange was the first to both provide a detailed description of cephalopod tissue regeneration, and pioneered a new avenue of study through experimental lesioning of arms, tentacles, skin and nerves (Lange, 1920)
Summary
Johannes Japetus Steenstrup, a Danish zoologist (biography available in: Müller, 1976; Farley, 2001), was the first to report evidence for appendage regeneration in cephalopods. Lange was the first to both provide a detailed description of cephalopod tissue regeneration, and pioneered a new avenue of study through experimental lesioning of arms, tentacles, skin and nerves (Lange, 1920).
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