Abstract
The centrosome is the best-understood microtubule-organizing center (MTOC) and is essential in particular cell types and at specific stages during Drosophila development. The centrosome is not required zygotically for mitosis or to achieve full animal development. Nevertheless, centrosomes are essential maternally during cleavage cycles in the early embryo, for male meiotic divisions, for efficient division of epithelial cells in the imaginal wing disc, and for cilium/flagellum assembly in sensory neurons and spermatozoa. Importantly, asymmetric and polarized division of stem cells is regulated by centrosomes and by the asymmetric regulation of their microtubule (MT) assembly activity. More recently, the components and functions of a variety of non-centrosomal microtubule-organizing centers (ncMTOCs) have begun to be elucidated. Throughout Drosophila development, a wide variety of unique ncMTOCs form in epithelial and non-epithelial cell types at an assortment of subcellular locations. Some of these cell types also utilize the centrosomal MTOC, while others rely exclusively on ncMTOCs. The impressive variety of ncMTOCs being discovered provides novel insight into the diverse functions of MTOCs in cells and tissues. This review highlights our current knowledge of the composition, assembly, and functional roles of centrosomal and non-centrosomal MTOCs in Drosophila.
Highlights
The cytoskeleton maintains the internal organization of eukaryotic cells, providing the infrastructure necessary for cell shape, movement, mechanotransduction, polarity, organelle positioning, and intracellular transport, as well as chromosome movement and cytokinesis during cell division [1]
During embryonic development of the trachea, the microtubule-organizing center (MTOC) activity of the centrosome is inactivated in invaginating epithelial cells and a non-centrosomal microtubule-organizing centers (ncMTOCs) located at the apical plasma membrane forms and dominates system serves as an excellent and important model for organogenesis of ductal tissues, or tubulogenesis [286]
The organization of ncMTOCs in epithelial cells appears to be an essential and widespread phenomenon in Drosophila and other organisms. In their respective cell types, these ncMTOCs are involved in polarized processes, including transport, (e.g., Rab11 trafficking in follicle cells, chitin secretion in the trachea, and planar cell polarity (PCP) in the wing) and morphogenesis
Summary
The cytoskeleton maintains the internal organization of eukaryotic cells, providing the infrastructure necessary for cell shape, movement, mechanotransduction, polarity, organelle positioning, and intracellular transport, as well as chromosome movement and cytokinesis during cell division [1]. Because the organization of MTs is adaptable to different circumstances, understanding the localization and activity of the structures capable of controlling the nucleation, stabilization, and anchoring of MTs is critical to appreciating the diverse roles MTs play within the cell [3]. Structures with these capabilities are known as MT-organizing centers (MTOCs). Thisand review will examine roles centrosomes, centrioles, highlighting our current of the and highlighting functions of our MTOCs at centrosomal proteins, and knowledge ncMTOCs play in aassembly, variety of composition, cellular functions, current different stages and cell types throughout and Drosophila development. Knowledge of the assembly, composition, functions of MTOCs at different stages and cell types throughout Drosophila development
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