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Abstract
Increasingly ubiquitous wireless technologies require novel localization techniques to pinpoint the position of an uncooperative node, whether the target is a malicious device engaging in a security exploit or a low-battery handset in the middle of a critical emergency. Such scenarios necessitate that a radio signal source be localized by other network nodes efficiently, using minimal information. We propose two new algorithms for estimating the position of an uncooperative transmitter, based on the received signal strength (RSS) of a single target message at a set of receivers whose coordinates are known. As an extension to the concept of centroid localization, our mechanisms weigh each receiver's coordinates based on the message's relative RSS at that receiver, with respect to the span of RSS values over all receivers. The weights may decrease from the highest RSS receiver either linearly or exponentially. Our simulation results demonstrate that for all but the most sparsely populated wireless networks, our exponentially weighted mechanism localizes a target node within the regulations stipulated for emergency services location accuracy.
Highlights
Given the pervasiveness of cellphones and other wireless devices, compounded with the associated expectation of permanent connectivity, it is perhaps not surprising that the abrupt dashing of such presumptions makes headline news
We compute a received signal strength (RSS) value based on the log-normal shadowing model [11], with a random amount of signal shadowing generated along a Gaussian probability distribution
We find that the relative span weighted localization (RWL) and relative span exponential weighted localization (REWL) mechanisms perform far better than the maximum RSS receiver and centroid localization (CL) approaches, with a gain in location accuracy of up to 40%
Summary
Given the pervasiveness of cellphones and other wireless devices, compounded with the associated expectation of permanent connectivity, it is perhaps not surprising that the abrupt dashing of such presumptions makes headline news. Network-based localization, where other nodes (whether base stations or other handsets within range) estimate the position of a device, must accurately reveal a target location within 100 meters 67% of the time and within 300 meters in 95% of cases. In a sufficiently densely populated wireless network, the source location of a given message may be approximated from the coordinates of receiving devices, assuming an omnidirectional propagation pattern. We propose two localization algorithms that estimate a transmitting node’s position as the weighted average of receiver coordinates, assuming that a single message is received from the target node. We find that the exponentially weighted variation achieves better results and that, except for cases with a small number of receivers and a large amount of signal shadowing, our mechanism meets the E911 mandated location accuracy requirements.
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