Abstract
Inter-connected Microgrids (IMGs) have emerged as a promising structure for future grids, offering resilience and independence in energy exchangeability with neighbours. To enable such interconnected structure, an interconnected market between individual Microgrids (MGs) participating via an agent (i.e., Energy Management System [EMS]) is required. Each agent is Self-Benefit-Driven (SBD), which means that it works in the best interests of its own MG. Therefore, energy trading is established to enhance these benefits. In this paper, a new strategy is proposed for IMG energy trading that considers SBD actions for MGs' agents, and a unique utility function for each MG is defined. The function includes import and/or export benefits for each MG. Furthermore, the definition of the utility also considers the MG's different objectives when importing versus exporting. A centralized Nash bargaining model is proposed for IMG energy trading to ensure fair settlements through a central entity (e.g., Distributed System Operator [DSO]). The proposed algorithm is developed using an adapted blockchain that enhances the security and transparency of the platform. The effectiveness of the proposed strategy is verified using a number of case studies.
Highlights
E NERGY management and trading between interconnected microgrids (IMGs) has been gaining increased attention of late
While the authors in one work did present the concept of Peer-to-System-to-Peer (P2S2P) as a unique solution to enable energy trading using an adapted blockchain structure, the work was limited to introducing the blockchain adaptation and integration rather than the negotiations and market settlements in IMGs with different preferences [32]
By considering the MGs’ actions to be selfish, this paper provides a comprehensive mathematical model for centralized energy trading that assumes different operating strategies
Summary
E NERGY management and trading between interconnected microgrids (IMGs) has been gaining increased attention of late. A related study showed that adjacent microgrids (MGs) could provide complementary generation from their renewable resources [2], maintaining the sustainable operation of MGs. A related study showed that adjacent microgrids (MGs) could provide complementary generation from their renewable resources [2], maintaining the sustainable operation of MGs Another factor that promotes the concept of IMGs is the increased penetration of Distributed Energy Resources (DERs). This new paradigm allows each MG to supply the local load from the cheaper energy sources, thereby creating competition between different sources. Energy management strategies for IMGs can be categorized into two main schemes: centralized and decentralized. The main differences between the centralized and decentralized energy management in IMGs are summarized as shown in Figure 1 [15]–[17]
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