Central Composite Design for Optimizing the Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles using Plantago major Extract and Investigating Antibacterial, Antifungal and Antioxidant Activity

Ghazal Nikaeen,Saeideh Mahdavinia,Saeed Yousefinejad,Fayezeh Samari,Samane Rahmdel

doi:10.1038/s41598-020-66357-3

Ghazal Nikaeen, Saeideh Mahdavinia + Show 3 more

Open Access

https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-66357-3

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Abstract

Central composite design (CCD) was applied to optimize the synthesis condition of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using the extract of Plantago major (P. major) seeds via a low cost and single-step process. The aqueous seed extract was applied as both reducing element and capping reagent for green production of AgNPs. Five empirical factors of synthesis including temperature (Temp), pH, volume of P. major extract (Vex), volume of AgNO3 solution (VAg) and synthesis time were used as independent variables of model and peak intensity of Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) originated from NPs as the dependent variable. The predicted optimal conditions was determined to be: Temp = 55 °C, pH = 9.9,Vex = 1.5 mL, VAg = 30 mL, time = 60 min. The characterization of the prepared AgNPs at these optimum conditions was conducted by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), dynamic light scattering (DLS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) to determine the surface bio-functionalities. Bio-activity of these AgNPs against bacteria and fungi were evaluated based on its assay against Micrococcus luteus, Escherichia coli and Penicillium digitatum. Furthermore, antioxidant capacity of these NPs was checked using the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay.

Highlights

During the past few decades, the exceptional properties of AgNPs have introduced them as reliable candidate for using in different fields such as biomedical[9], antimicrobial and anti-infection medical device[10,11], water treatment[12], drug delivery[13], agricultural applications[14], surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS)[15] and electromagnetic interference shielding[16]
The goal was the investigation of the five empirical factors of synthesis including temperature (Temp), pH, volume of extract used for synthesis (Vex), volume of 1 mM AgNO3 solution (VAg) and synthesis time
To determine the operational value range of pH, a serie of synthesis was done by one-at-a-time approach with varying the pH and constant amounts of other factors (Temp = 40 °C, volume of P. major extract (Vex) = 2 ml, volume of AgNO3 solution (VAg) (0.1mM)=25 ml and time=60 min)

Summary

Introduction

During the past few decades, the exceptional properties of AgNPs have introduced them as reliable candidate for using in different fields such as biomedical[9], antimicrobial and anti-infection medical device[10,11], water treatment[12], drug delivery[13], agricultural applications[14], surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS)[15] and electromagnetic interference shielding[16]. Among various green approaches for the preparation of AgNPs, using plant extracts is more abundant which apply as reducing agents of Ag+ and stabilizing molecules for the produced Ag0 NPs. Suggesting of potent plants and herbal extracts for the preparation of AgNPs can help industries and researchers to make AgNPs in large production scales. Suggesting of potent plants and herbal extracts for the preparation of AgNPs can help industries and researchers to make AgNPs in large production scales For this goal, synthesis of AgNPs using Plantago major (P. major) seeds was performed in this research. The other study was performed by SobhaniPoor et al on the application of seed extract of P. major in green synthesis of AgNPs and investigation of its cytotoxic effect on MCF-7 cancer cells[37]. The as-synthesized AgNPs were characterized with different spectroscopic and microscopic methods and were evaluated for antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant applications

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