Abstract
Abstract. Advances in digitalization technologies lead to rapid and massive changes in infrastructure management. New collaborative processes and workflows require detailed, accurate and up-to-date 3D geodata. Image-based web services with 3D measurement functionality, for example, transfer dangerous and costly inspection and measurement tasks from the field to the office workplace. In this contribution, we introduced an image-based backpack mobile mapping system and new georeferencing methods for capture previously inaccessible outdoor locations. We carried out large-scale performance investigations at two different test sites located in a city centre and in a forest area. We compared the performance of direct, SLAM-based and image-based georeferencing under demanding real-world conditions. Both test sites include areas with restricted GNSS reception, poor illumination, and uniform or ambiguous geometry, which create major challenges for reliable and accurate georeferencing. In our comparison of georeferencing methods, image-based georeferencing improved the median precision of coordinate measurement over direct georeferencing by a factor of 10–15 to 3 mm. Image-based georeferencing also showed a superior performance in terms of absolute accuracies with results in the range from 4.3 cm to 13.2 cm. Our investigations showed a great potential for complementing 3D image-based geospatial web-services of cities as well as for creating such web services for forest applications. In addition, such accurately georeferenced 3D imagery has an enormous potential for future visual localization and augmented reality applications.
Highlights
Ongoing progress in digitalization leads to rapid and massive changes in infrastructure management
For image-based georeferencing, we introduced the transformed Simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM)-based image poses as initial values and measured the same ground control points (GCPs) as used for the 6 DoF transformation in four consecutive images for the subsequent bundle adjustment
We extended our image-based backpack mapping systems (MMS) by direct georeferencing capabilities and we carried out performance investigations within two large-scale test sites
Summary
Ongoing progress in digitalization leads to rapid and massive changes in infrastructure management. Image-based mobile reality capturing techniques in combination with cloud technologies, such as presented by Nebiker et al (2017), hold the potential to provide such data and services in a rapid, cost-efficient and userfriendly manner. First image-based outdoor mobile mapping systems (MMS) date back to the early 1990ies (Novak, 1991; Schwarz et al, 1993). Burkhard et al (2012) present a stereo image-based MMS and performed accuracy investigations using different types of industrial cameras. In order to capture urban environments with a maximal coverage, image-based MMS have evolved into systems with (multi-) panorama camera configuration (Meilland et al, 2015). Blaser et al (2017) present a MMS configuration with two tilted panorama cameras, which constitute multiple stereo systems to the sides in order to capture entire façades of the buildings In order to capture urban environments with a maximal coverage, image-based MMS have evolved into systems with (multi-) panorama camera configuration (Meilland et al, 2015). Blaser et al (2017) present a MMS configuration with two tilted panorama cameras, which constitute multiple stereo systems to the sides in order to capture entire façades of the buildings
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