Cemeteries in Miami-Dade County, Florida are important areas to be targeted in mosquito management and control efforts.

André B B Wilke,Chalmers Vasquez,Yadira Diaz,William D Petrie,Maday Moreno,John C Beier,Augusto Carvajal,Douglas O Fuller,Laurin Gibson,Teresa Belledent,John Vontas

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0230748

Abstract

Definable habitats at the neighborhood level provide a wide range of favorable habitats with optimal conditions and environmental resources for mosquito survival. Problematic habitats for controlling mosquitoes in urban environments such as tire shops, bromeliad patches, and construction sites must be taken into consideration in the development of effective mosquito management and control in urban areas. Cemeteries are often located in highly urbanized areas serving as a haven for populations of vector mosquito species due to the availability of natural resources present in most cemeteries. Even though Miami-Dade County, Florida was the most affected area in the United States during the Zika virus outbreak in 2016 and is currently under a mosquito-borne illness alert after 14 confirmed locally transmitted dengue cases, the role of cemeteries in the proliferation of vector mosquitoes is unknown. Therefore, our objective was to use a cross-sectional experimental design to survey twelve cemeteries across Miami-Dade County to assess if vector mosquitoes in Miami can be found in these areas. Our results are indicating that vector mosquitoes are able to successfully exploit the resources available in the cemeteries. Culex quinquefasciatus was the most abundant species but it was neither as frequent nor present in its immature form as Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. This study revealed that vector mosquitoes, such as Ae. aegypti, Ae. albopictus, and Cx. quinquefasciatus are successfully exploiting the resources available in these areas being able to thrive and reach high numbers. Mosquito control strategies should consider both long-term strategies, based on changing human behavior to reduce the availability of aquatic habitats for vector mosquitoes; as well as short-term strategies such as drilling holes or adding larvicide to the flower vases. Simple practices would greatly help improve the effectiveness of mosquito management and control in these problematic urban habitats.

Highlights

Vector mosquitoes such as Aedes aegypti, Aedes albopictus, and Culex quinquefasciatus are expanding their range globally [1,2,3]
Culex quinquefasciatus was the second most common species being found in all cemeteries but cemeteries 2 and 3, totaling 276 adults, 135 larvae and 3 pupae
Aedes albopictus was found in relatively high frequency and abundance in its immature form, while Cx. quinquefasciatus was found in large numbers in only one breeding site, a fishing bowl filled with rainwater placed in a shaded area

Summary

Introduction

Vector mosquitoes such as Aedes aegypti, Aedes albopictus, and Culex quinquefasciatus are expanding their range globally [1,2,3]. Invasive mosquito vector species often benefit from the decrease in the overall biodiversity of species due to an increase in urbanization [4]. Such biotic homogenization processes increase the contact between human hosts and mosquito vectors and act as drivers that positively increase the range and abundance of populations of mosquito vector species [4,5,6,7]

Objectives

Methods

Results

Discussion

Conclusion