Abstract
Cellulose particles, their derivatives and composites have special environmentally benign features and are abundant in nature with their various applications. This review paper introduces the essential properties of several types of cellulose and their derivatives obtained from various source materials, and their use in electro-responsive electrorheological (ER) suspensions, which are smart fluid systems that are actively responsive under applied electric fields, while, at zero electric field, ER fluids retain a liquid-like state. Given the actively controllable characteristics of cellulose-based smart ER fluids under an applied electric field regarding their rheological and dielectric properties, they can potentially be applied for various industrial devices including dampers and haptic devices.
Highlights
In this short review, we deliver smart functionality of celluloses and their derivatives in terms of their electrorheological (ER) response and applications, which has been relatively less well-known to the cellulose community despite their benefits of abundancy and biocompatibility as a raw material and importance of its ER technology
Alkali treatment was the main process to remove hemicellulose from the milled pristine rice husk; a bleaching process was used to obtain a more refined cellulose material; and, as the last step, hydrolysis with sulfuric acid was used to break down the amorphous region to form the microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) particles [93]
Tilki et al [17] reported typical ER properties for an ER fluid based on modified cellulose (MC) which had been initially transformed into a carboxyl salt
Summary
We deliver smart functionality of celluloses and their derivatives in terms of their electrorheological (ER) response and applications, which has been relatively less well-known to the cellulose community despite their benefits of abundancy and biocompatibility as a raw material and importance of its ER technology. Along with other types of biopolymers such as chitosan and corn starch, have been utilized as biopolymeric dispersoids for electro-responsive ER fluid systems [15,16,17,18] ever since its first discovery in ER fluids due to their sustainability/green/environmental perspective, and the structure morphological perspective that highly crystalline microparticles and cellulose derivatives (with different degree of substitution) can exhibit. Materials 2017, 10, 1060 sub-micron to micron-sized particles in insulating fluids, in which the dispersed particles can be polarized in the presence of an external electric field They have a unique ability to form fibrillar structures under applied electric fields [19,20,21] by undergoing transient aggregation into a solid phase because of the attractive forces between the dipole moments of the dispersed electro-active particles. Various ER fluids based on pristine cellulose and its derivatives and composites, such as MCC, phosphate cellulose, titania/hydroxypropyl cellulose, and cellulose/carbamate are followed, as well as their hydrous and anhydrous systems
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