Abstract
Advances in single-cell biotechnology have increasingly revealed interactions of cells with their surroundings, suggesting a cellular society at the microscale. Similarities between cells and humans across multiple hierarchical levels have quantitative inference potential for reaching insights about phenotypic interactions that lead to morphological forms across multiple scales of cellular organization, namely cells, tissues and organs. Here, the functional and structural comparisons between how cells and individuals fundamentally socialize to give rise to the spatial organization are investigated. Integrative experimental cell interaction assays and computational predictive methods shape the understanding of societal perspective in the determination of the cellular interactions that create spatially coordinated forms in biological systems. Emerging quantifiable models from a simpler biological microworld such as bacterial interactions and single-cell organisms are explored, providing a route to model spatio-temporal patterning of morphological structures in humans. This analogical reasoning framework sheds light on structural patterning principles as a result of biological interactions across the cellular scale and up.
Highlights
The proliferation of cells in the human body has intrigued the bioscience community and questions related to how cells are formed and how they communicate have been extensively explored in immunology, cancers and extracellular control mechanisms, among many others [1,2,3,4,5]
To provide a framework emphasizing the interactions between cells, we explore the complexities in the spatial organization at cellular levels
Based on the cellular phenotypes and phenotypic interactions of the cells in the cellular neighbourhood, computational models can predict the growth and development of cells but can segment the regions that contain different types of cells. Segmentation algorithms such as compression and histogram-based methods use deep-learning concepts based on convolutional neural networks (CNNs) that are preferred owing to scalability and accuracy of results [32]
Summary
The proliferation of cells in the human body has intrigued the bioscience community and questions related to how cells are formed and how they communicate have been extensively explored in immunology, cancers and extracellular control mechanisms, among many others [1,2,3,4,5]. Large-scale human population data exhibit similarities in interaction at multiple levels of society that can be, for instance, studied by tracking behaviour patterns of humans in society using face recognition technologies [10], among others These inferences from cell–cell or human–human interactions can better contribute towards unifying theories that link together intricacies of working principles in life formation, ranging from single cells to complex organisms including humans. A parallelism can be drawn between the paucity of acquired properties of cells withheld from group communication to that of insufficient characteristic maturation experienced by individuals devoid of any societal influence [15,16,17] These surprising similarities between cellular and human interactions are covered in this comparative framework. We delve into spatial organization beyond that of the multi-cellular systems and consider organ spatial patterning and inter-organ communications
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