Abstract
Introduction: Cyanobacteria are organisms capable of producing a high number of bioactive molecules, known as cyanotoxins. Among the cyanotoxins, microcystins stand out, compounds with hepatotoxic potential. Studies claim that the most common and most toxic isoform among microcystins is microcystin-LR. One of the most frequently detected properties of microcystins is their ability to generate cellular oxidative stress. Thus, the present study is a bibliographic research about the biochemical mechanism of free radical generation caused by Microcystin LR. Methodology: for the preparation of this review, a survey was carried out in the national and international literature. The inclusion criteria for the construction of this work were original and review articles that addressed the ability of microcystin LR to generate oxidative damage. Results: Once they enter the body, microcystins accumulate in the liver, so that toxicity is associated with specific inhibition of protein phosphatase 1 and 2A (PP1 and PP2A), leading to disruption of cell integrity. Studies prove that MCs produce oxidative stress in vitro and in vivo and that they can act as tumor promoters. Conclusion: there is a possible relationship between cellular oxidative stress caused by microcystin. Thus, cyanobacterial blooms represent a threat to the health of several animals, including man, however, further studies on the topic addressed are needed.
Highlights
Cyanobacteria are organisms capable of producing a high number of bioactive molecules, known as cyanotoxins
The research of articles was divided into 2 parts, of which the objective would be to list the information more precisely for each survey, with the keywords:1) “Oxidative Stress”; “Cyanotoxin” and “Microcystin”: to conduct a literature survey that addressed the biochemical mechanisms of cellular oxidative stress and the toxicology of cyanotoxins. 2) “Cyanotoxin and Oxidative Stress” and “Microcystin and Oxidative Stress”: to obtain studies that addressed the relationship of cyanotoxins with cellular oxidative stress
The articles were selected after reading the title and abstract, and the inclusion criteria were: articles published any year dealing with cyanotoxins and oxidative stress, and from 2010 to 2021 on the relationship of oxidative stress and microcystins, available in full and that dealt with the theme
Summary
Climate change is transforming ecosystems and their composition across the planet. In recent years, studies have indicated eutrophication, increased CO2 levels and global warming as responsible for the frequency, intensity and duration of cyanobacterial proliferation in different ecosystems worldwide (Rastogi, et al, 2014). The eutrophication process interferes with the physical and chemical characteristics of the water and can mediate profound changes in the qualitative and quantitative conditions of aquatic communities In this way, several problems are induced, such as the proliferation of toxic algae, known as cyanobacteria (Carpenter, 2005; Dhanam, et al, 2016). Cyanobacteria were pioneering organisms on primitive Earth, and the oxygen produced through photosynthesis for the cyanobacteria contributed to the formation of the ozone layer These microorganisms are currently known for their potentially toxic flowering, causing problems for water treatment and being of potential risk to human health (Szlag, et al, 2015). Seeking to provide an in-depth analysis, which this information providers of its toxic potential, as well as providing a discussion of its toxicity in the activity related to the generation of reactive oxygen species and generation of cellular oxidative damage, in order to understand the risks to human health caused by MCs.results
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