Abstract
Vertically standing nanostructures with various morphologies have been developed with the emergence of the micro-/nanofabrication technology. When cells are cultured on them, various bio–nano interfaces between cells and vertical nanostructures would impact the cellular activities, depending on the shape, density, and height of nanostructures. Many cellular pathway activation processes involving a series of intracellular molecules (proteins, RNA, DNA, enzymes, etc.) would be triggered by the cell morphological changes induced by nanostructures, affecting the cell proliferation, apoptosis, differentiation, immune activation, cell adhesion, cell migration, and other behaviors. In addition, the highly localized cellular nanointerface enhances coupled stimulation on cells. Therefore, understanding the mechanism of the cellular nanointerface can not only provide innovative tools for regulating specific cell functions but also offers new aspects to understand the fundamental cellular activities that could facilitate the precise monitoring and treatment of diseases in the future. This review mainly describes the fabrication technology of vertical nanostructures, analyzing the formation of cellular nanointerfaces and the effects of cellular nanointerfaces on cells' fates and functions. At last, the applications of cellular nanointerfaces based on various nanostructures are summarized.
Highlights
IntroductionReview volts to cause cell perforation, yet electroporation based on nanostructures usually requires only tens of volts.[15]
The cell membrane is a tightly regulated system delineated by a complex and active lipid bilayer.[1,2,3] When cells are cultured on different nanostructures, the close contact between the cells and nanostructures results in unique cellular interfaces correspondingly
The results showed that the nuclei of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) on the poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) micropillars exhibited signi cant initial deformation, followed by partial recovery
Summary
Review volts to cause cell perforation, yet electroporation based on nanostructures usually requires only tens of volts.[15]. The spontaneous perforation of the cytomembrane on the cellular nanointerface occurs rarely.[32,33] Usually, it requires external forces or chemical modi cation[34] to cause cellular perforation, while the external forces are o en divided into electroporation,[35] photoporation,[36,37] and mechanical perforation (ultrasound power, external pressure, etc.).[12,38] Only when the vertical nanostructure is sufficiently sharp, the cytomembrane could be perforated spontaneously.[39] Spontaneous or force-assisted cell perforation at the cellular interface with different nanostructures possesses versatile applications It could enable intracellular substance detection,[40,41] drug delivery,[42,43] recording of intracellular and extracellular electrical signals, and real-time monitoring of intracellular biochemical signals (mainly proteins, metabolites, lipids, enzymes, and other substances in the intracellular environment).[44,45,46] Among them, taking mechanical force conduction on the cytomembrane as an example, most nanomaterials contact exclusively with the cytomembrane and generate a mechanical force at the cellular interface that causes the cytomembrane to bend. Studies on the interaction between cells and different vertical nanostructure interfaces provide a great guidance value for the application of cellular nanointerfaces in cell biosensors and the biomedical eld[50,51] and establish the basis for understanding the physical interactions of cells with arti cial structures on the cellular level, which would facilitate the development of new technologies for cell (stem cells, immune cells, etc.) modi cation[52] and cell recording on functional nerve cells in the eld of neurology.[53,54]
Sign-in/Register to view highlights & summary Sign-in/Register to access full text options 
Free) 
Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a call
