Abstract
Vaccines with live, low-virulence Newcastle disease virus (NDV) strains are still the most accepted prevention and control strategies for combating Newcastle disease (ND), a major viral disease that hampers the development of the poultry industry worldwide. However, the mechanism underlying vaccine-mediated innate cell immune responses remains unclear. Here, a high-throughput Illumina sequencing approach was employed to determine cellular miRNA expression profiles in chicken macrophages infected with the LaSota virus, a widely used vaccine strain for mass vaccination programs against ND in poultry. Compared to the control group, 112 and 115 differentially expressed (DE) miRNAs were identified at 24 hpi (hours post inoculation) and 48 hpi, respectively. Meanwhile, 174 DE miRNAs were identified between 24 hpi and 48 hpi. Furthermore, 12 upregulated and 6 downregulated DE miRNAs were observed in common at 24 and 48 hpi compared with 0 hpi. In addition, target prediction and functional analysis of these DE miRNAs revealed significant enrichment for several signaling pathways, especially in the immune-related genes and pathways, such as the RIG-I-like receptor signaling pathway, NOD-like receptor signaling pathway, and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway. Our findings not only lay the foundations for further investigating the roles and regulatory mechanisms of miRNA in vaccine-mediated innate cellular immune responses, but also extend new insights into the interactions between the host and NDV infection.
Highlights
Newcastle disease (ND), caused by virulent Newcastle disease virus (NDV), an Orthoavulavirus, is one of the most devastating diseases that affects the poultry industry worldwide [1]
We examined the cellular miRNA profiles in chicken macrophages in order to increase our understanding of innate cell immune responses and provide miRNA functional analysis for the immune-related pathway of the NDV vaccine strain LaSota infection
12 upregulated and 6 downregulated differentially expressed (DE) miRNAs were observed in common at 24 and 48 hpi compared with 0 hpi (Table 1)
Summary
Newcastle disease (ND), caused by virulent Newcastle disease virus (NDV), an Orthoavulavirus, is one of the most devastating diseases that affects the poultry industry worldwide [1]. Terrestrial Animal Health Code as an economically significant pathogen for avian species and products, and any isolate from poultry infected with mesogenic and velogenic strains must be reported to the OIE [2]. Velogenic NDV has high virulence, mesogenic NDV has medium virulence, and lentogenic strains have low virulence or are non-virulent. The well-known natural low-virulent NDV strain LaSota, which is a class II, genotype II virus [8], has been the most widely used live NDV vaccine in chickens for the last six decades and has a good stability and safety record [9]. The specific mechanism of the live, low-virulent vaccine strain LaSota in vaccine-mediated cellular immune responses from the sides of the innate immune cells, such as macrophages, remains unclear
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