Abstract
The tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus, is a truly euryhaline species in that it lives, grows, and reproduces in freshwater as well as in full-strength seawater. The gills, intestine, and kidneys show ionoregulatory adaptations fundamental for the calcium balance of this fish in these vastly different ionic media. This review focuses on calcium flows in these ionoregulatory organs and the changes that occur in the Cal²⁺-transporting mechanisms in the basolateral plasma membrane compartment of the cells that make up their ion-transporting epithelia. Influx of Ca²⁺ via the gills is comparable in freshwater and seawater; also, the Ca²⁺-ATPase and Na⁺/Ca²⁺ exchanger in branchial epithelial plasma membranes have comparable activities in fish adapted to freshwater and in those adapted to seawater. Ussing chamber experiments with isolated opercular membranes (a flat epithelium with chloride cells) suggest that chloride-cell-mediated, inward Ca²⁺ transport is largely dependent on Na⁺-dependent mechanisms. The Ca²⁺-...
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