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Abstract
Shigella is a Gram-negative bacterium that is responsible for shigellosis. Over the years, the study of Shigella has provided a greater understanding of how the host responds to bacterial infection, and how bacteria have evolved to effectively counter the host defenses. In this review, we provide an update on some of the most recent advances in our understanding of pivotal processes associated with Shigella infection, including the invasion into host cells, the metabolic changes that occur within the bacterium and the infected cell, cell-to-cell spread mechanisms, autophagy and membrane trafficking, inflammatory signaling and cell death. This recent progress sheds a new light into the mechanisms underlying Shigella pathogenesis, and also more generally provides deeper understanding of the complex interplay between host cells and bacterial pathogens in general.
Highlights
Bacteria of the genus Shigella are human pathogens that infect the gastro-intestinal tract and cause acute shigellosis
This study showed that pyruvate was the most important metabolite required for Shigella intracellular growth, while it appeared that access to host amino acids or fatty acids was not limiting for intracellular bacterial growth
We recently demonstrated that infection by Shigella resulted in potent inhibition of mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling, as well as induction of the integrated stress response (ISR), and that the underlying mechanism was the induction of an amino acid (AA) starvation response in infected host cells (Tattoli et al, 2012)
Summary
Bacteria of the genus Shigella are human pathogens that infect the gastro-intestinal tract and cause acute shigellosis. Shigella spp. are endemic in a number of tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world where S. flexneri is the most common cause of disease, while S. sonnei is more frequently associated with infection in industrialized countries (Liang et al, 2007). While studying the mechanisms of Shigella pathogenesis in vivo has proven difficult, Shigella infection, in particular using the S. flexneri species, has become one of the most widely used paradigms of host-bacterial interaction in cellular models of infection. Together with Mycobacteria, Salmonella and Listeria, Shigella represents one of the most studied bacteria that can invade (i.e., cross the host plasma membrane) host cells. We will provide an overview of some of the most recent progress that was made in cellular microbiology and innate immunity, using Shigella as a model
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