Abstract
The cellular apoptosis susceptibility (CSE1L/CAS) protein is highly expressed in cancer, and its expression is positively correlated with high cancer stage, high cancer grade, and worse outcomes of patients. CSE1L (or CAS) regulates chemotherapeutic drug-induced cancer cell apoptosis and may play important roles in mediating the cytotoxicities of chemotherapeutic drugs against cancer cells in cancer chemotherapy. CSE1L was originally regarded as a proliferation-associated protein and was thought to regulate the proliferation of cancer cells in cancer progression. However, the results of experimental studies showed that enhanced CSE1L expression is unable to increase proliferation of cancer cells and CSE1L regulates invasion and metastasis but not proliferation of cancer cells. Recent studies revealed that CSE1L is a secretory protein, and there is a higher prevalence of secretory CSE1L in the sera of patients with metastatic cancer. Therefore, CSE1L may be a useful serological marker for screening, diagnosis and prognosis, assessment of therapeutic responses, and monitoring for recurrence of cancer. In this paper, we review the expression of CSE1L in cancer and discuss why CSE1L regulates the invasion and metastasis rather than the proliferation of cancer.
Highlights
Cancer is a disease in which a group of cells in the body displays uncontrolled proliferation, invasion, and sometimes metastasis
CSE1L is a cellular apoptosis susceptibility protein and it is highly expressed in various cancers; our recent studies showed that CSE1L plays an important role in regulating cancer cell apoptosis induced by chemotherapeutic drugs [12,13]
Our results showed that CSE1L regulated cancer cell apoptosis induced by most of the chemotherapeutic drugs that we tested [12,13]
Summary
Cancer is a disease in which a group of cells in the body displays uncontrolled proliferation, invasion, and sometimes metastasis. CSE1L is a cellular apoptosis susceptibility protein and it is highly expressed in various cancers; our recent studies showed that CSE1L plays an important role in regulating cancer cell apoptosis induced by chemotherapeutic drugs [12,13]. The pathological studies showed that the expression of CSE1L was positively correlated with a higher cancer stage and higher cancer grade, indicating that CSE1L plays an important role in cancer development and progression. Heavy CSE1L staining was observed in all of the metastatic melanoma (n = 23) they studied [7] The results of these pathological studies indicated that the expression of CSE1L was positively related to high cancer stage and worse outcomes of cancer patients. CSE1L is a secretory protein, and there is a higher prevalence of secretory CSE1L in sera of patients with metastatic cancer
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