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Abstract
While many aspects of plant cell wall polymer structure are known, their spatial and temporal distribution within the stem are not well understood. Here, we studied vascular system and fiber development, which has implication for both biofuel feedstock conversion efficiency and crop yield. The subject of this study, Brachypodium distachyon, has emerged as a grass model for food and energy crop research. Here, we conducted our investigation using B. distachyon by applying various histological approaches and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy to the stem internode from three key developmental stages. While vascular bundle size and number did not change over time, the size of the interfascicular region increased dramatically, as did cell wall thickness. We also describe internal stem internode anatomy and demonstrate that lignin deposition continues after crystalline cellulose and xylan accumulation ceases. The vascular bundle anatomy of B. distachyon appears to be highly similar to domesticated grasses. While the arrangement of bundles within the stem is highly variable across grasses, B. distachyon appears to be a suitable model for the rind of large C4 grass crops. A better understanding of growth and various anatomical and cell wall features of B. distachyon will further our understanding of plant biomass accumulation processes.
Highlights
Grasses emerged 70 to 55 million years ago with numerous distinctions from eudicotyledons and other monocotyledons including unique vascular patterning and internal anatomy [1,2]
Parenchyma cells typically have a large central vacuole to facilitate storage of water, starch and other small molecules. These very large cells are predominantly found in the pith in some species they can be found in vascular bundles and in the interfascicular region [3]
Samples were collected at distinct developmental stages rather than time after germination
Summary
Grasses emerged 70 to 55 million years ago with numerous distinctions from eudicotyledons and other monocotyledons including unique vascular patterning and internal anatomy [1,2]. Parenchyma cells typically have a large central vacuole to facilitate storage of water, starch and other small molecules. These very large cells are predominantly found in the pith in some species they can be found in vascular bundles and in the interfascicular region [3]. Collenchyma cells have thick primary cell walls and provide support to the stem [4] In grasses, these cells tend to be absent the cortex may still refer to layers of ground tissue found just below the epidermis and above the outermost vascular bundle. Chlorenchyma cells can be found in grasses and are characterized as having chloroplasts and thin primary cell walls These photosynthetic cells tend to be located near the epidermis when present
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