Abstract
In three modes of somatic embryogenesis, direct (Cichorium), indirect (Citrus), and adventitious (Asparagus), a layer enveloped the proembryo and separated it from parenchyma or callus cells. This layer was either torn or partly dissolved during embryo expansion and led to a reticulated fibrillar structure linking the peripheral cells of the embryo prior to protoderm differentiation. Scanning electron microscopic and transmission electron microscopic analyses revealed it as a net-like structure composed of thick fibres restricted to the embryo surface during a specific developmental stage. Stereo pairs of micrographs revealed its two-dimensional arrangement. The spatio-temporal localization of this fibrillar network defined it as an intermediate stage of somatic embryogenesis in monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous species irrespective of their modes of development. Hypotheses concerning the origin of the fibrillar network are provided, and its possible functions during somatic embryogenesis are discussed.Key words: Asparagus officinalis L. (asparagus), cell wall, Cichorium (chicory), Citrus (Troyer citrange), somatic embryogenesis.
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