Cell Wall Composition as a Marker of the Reprogramming of the Cell Fate on the Example of a Daucus carota (L.) Hypocotyl in Which Somatic Embryogenesis Was Induced.

Michał Kuczak,Ewa Kurczyńska

doi:10.3390/ijms21218126

Michał Kuczak, Ewa Kurczyńska

Open Access

https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21218126

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Abstract

Changes in the composition of the cell walls are postulated to accompany changes in the cell’s fate. We check whether there is a relationship between the presence of selected pectic, arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs), and extensins epitopes and changes in cell reprogramming in order to answer the question of whether they can be markers accompanying changes of cell fate. Selected antibodies were used for spatio-temporal immunolocalization of wall components during the induction of somatic embryogenesis. Based on the obtained results, it can be concluded that (1) the LM6 (pectic), LM2 (AGPs) epitopes are positive markers, but the LM5, LM19 (pectic), JIM8, JIM13 (AGPs) epitopes are negative markers of cells reprogramming to the meristematic/pluripotent state; (2) the LM8 (pectic), JIM8, JIM13, LM2 (AGPs) and JIM11 (extensin) epitopes are positive markers, but LM6 (pectic) epitope is negative marker of cells undergoing detachment; (3) JIM4 (AGPs) is a positive marker, but LM5 (pectic), JIM8, JIM13, LM2 (AGPs) are negative markers for pericycle cells on the xylem pole; (4) LM19, LM20 (pectic), JIM13, LM2 (AGPs) are constitutive wall components, but LM6, LM8 (pectic), JIM4, JIM8, JIM16 (AGPs), JIM11, JIM12 and JIM20 (extensins) are not constitutive wall components; (5) the extensins do not contribute to the cell reprogramming.

Highlights

The formation of a multicellular organism from a single cell requires the coordinated development of various cell types in a spatio-temporal manner [1]
The pectic epitope that was recognized by the LM5 antibody was a positive marker of the detached cells and a negative marker of the meristematic cells and formative divisions
The LM6 epitope was a constitutive component of pectin in the cell walls of carrot hypocotyl, a positive marker of the formative divisions and the cells that regained a meristematic state and negative marker of cells undergoing separation and detached cells (Table 1, Table S2)

Summary

Introduction

The formation of a multicellular organism from a single cell (zygote) requires the coordinated development of various cell types in a spatio-temporal manner [1]. The concept of cell differentiation can be defined in two ways: (1) As a temporal process that focuses on the specialization in a structure and the function of a single cell, which is defined as cytodifferentiation, and (2) as the formation of the pattern(s), i.e., the appearance of heterogeneity in an initially homogeneous set of cells [2]. Cell walls are dynamic structures whose composition changes during plant growth, cell cytodifferentiation, and pattern formation [10,11]. Structural modifications, the reorganization of cell wall components, and the synthesis and insertion of new ones into existing walls are associated with changes in the tissue and organ morphology during plant growth [12,13]. The cell wall participates in cell adhesion, intercellular communication, protection of plants against pathogens, SE, and determines the shape of cells [14,15,16]

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