Cell surface markers and labeling techniques

Abstract

The detection and localization of specific molecules on cell surfaces has been achieved through the use of cell surface labeling techniques for microscopic analysis. These techniques generally involve labeling antigens or receptors on cell surfaces with high affinity, specific ligands, such as antibodies, lectins, toxins, hormones or drugs, which are directly or indirectly attached to markers visible under the light or electron microscope. Fluorescent dyes such as fluorescein and rhodamine have been widely used as visual markers for fluorescent light microscopy. Electron-dense markers such as ferritin, and enzymes such as horseradish peroxidase, have been extensively employed as transmission electron microscope (TEM) markers with thin sectioning. Macromolecular markers such as hemocyanin and viruses have also served as TEM markers for replica methods.