Abstract
Liver transplantation is the most common treatment for patients with end-stage liver failure. However, liver transplantation is greatly limited by a shortage of donors. Liver tissue engineering may offer an alternative by providing an implantable engineered liver. Currently, diverse types of engineering approaches for in vitro liver cell culture are available, including scaffold-based methods, microfluidic platforms, and micropatterning techniques. Active cell patterning via dielectrophoretic (DEP) force showed some advantages over other methods, including high speed, ease of handling, high precision and being label-free. This article summarizes liver function and regenerative mechanisms for better understanding in developing engineered liver. We then review recent advances in liver tissue engineering techniques and focus on DEP-based cell patterning, including microelectrode design and patterning configuration.
Highlights
Every year, liver transplantation for end-stage liver failure becomes a highly critical issue due to the limited number of organ donors
Every growth factor plays a definite role during the regenerative process, including hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), epidermal growth factor (EGF), transforming growth factor-α (TGF-α), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), insulin and norepinephrine
The integration of DEP into microfluidic platforms has gained a great deal of interest for the in vitro engineering of complex tissue organization such as that of liver
Summary
Liver transplantation for end-stage liver failure becomes a highly critical issue due to the limited number of organ donors. With standard cell culture methods, hepatocyte cells were cultured in planar Petri dishes, where continuous manual changes of media are needed. This static 2D cell culture system, shows poor cell viability, and the cells lose their phenotype function [4]. A review on liver tissue engineering is presented, describing diverse techniques including scaffold-based approaches, cell sheet technology, microfluidic platforms and micropatterning. We review recent work on liver tissue engineering via dielectrophoretic mechanisms, the principal technologies and the key parameters needed for better patterning. In addition to application organ transplantation, the tissue construct can be utilized for drug screening and biological studies with approachable integrated systems
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