Abstract
Nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems have been synthesized from a wide array of materials. The therapeutic success of these platforms hinges upon their ability to favorably interact with the biological environment (both systemically and locally) and recognize the diseased target tissue. The immune system, composed of a highly coordinated organization of cells trained to recognize foreign bodies, represents a key mediator of these interactions. Although components of this system may act as a barrier to nanoparticle (NP) delivery, the immune system can also be exploited to target and trigger signaling cues that facilitate the therapeutic response stemming from systemic administration of NPs. The nano-bio interface represents the key facilitator of this communication exchange, where the surface properties of NPs govern their in vivo fate. Cell membrane-based biomimetic nanoparticles have emerged as one approach to achieve targeted drug delivery by actively engaging and communicating with the biological milieu. In this review, we will highlight the relationship between these biomimetic nanoparticles and the immune system, emphasizing the role of tuning the nano-bio interface in the immunomodulation of diseases. We will also discuss the therapeutic applications of this approach with biomimetic nanoparticles, focusing on specific diseases ranging from cancer to infectious diseases. Lastly, we will provide a critical evaluation on the current state of this field of cell membrane-based biomimetic nanoparticles and its future directions in immune-based therapy.
Highlights
The ultimate goal of nanoparticle-based drug delivery is to achieve the therapeutic accumulation of a given treatment to the site of disease while minimizing off-target effects
Using a murine melanoma model, this study demonstrated that these particles were taken up by a wide-range of immune cells, and capable of improving dendritic cells (DCs) maturity and overall survival of the mice by 60% over the course of 5 months (Figures 2E–G)
Significant progress has been made in the modulation of the immune response to NPs, with cell membrane-based biomimetic NPs paving the way for a new generation of innovative therapeutic platforms
Summary
The ultimate goal of nanoparticle-based drug delivery is to achieve the therapeutic accumulation of a given treatment to the site of disease while minimizing off-target effects. The expression of ligands on the NP surface for scavenger receptors enabled accumulation to target sites, the same receptors resulted in unfavorable uptake by macrophages which reduced the circulation times of these NPs. These examples highlight how the nano-bio interactions can have both positive and negative outcomes for the NPs. tuning and balancing of these interactions at the interface is vital for the successful therapeutic applications of NPs. Beyond overcoming the barriers encountered in the bloodstream, NPs must be designed to communicate and stimulate therapeutic responses via interactions with immune cells involved in disease progression.
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