Abstract
Regulated cell death (RCD) is pivotal in directing the severity and outcome of liver injury. Hepatocyte cell death is a critical event in the progression of liver disease due to resultant inflammation leading to fibrosis. Apoptosis, necrosis, necroptosis, autophagy, and recently, pyroptosis and ferroptosis, have all been investigated in the pathogenesis of various liver diseases. These cell death subroutines display distinct features, while sharing many similar characteristics with considerable overlap and crosstalk. Multiple types of cell death modes can likely coexist, and the death of different liver cell populations may contribute to liver injury in each type of disease. This review addresses the known signaling cascades in each cell death pathway and its implications in liver disease. In this review, we describe the common findings in each disease model, as well as the controversies and the limitations of current data with a particular focus on cell death-related research in humans and in rodent models of alcoholic liver disease, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and steatohepatitis (NASH/NAFLD), acetaminophen (APAP)-induced hepatotoxicity, autoimmune hepatitis, cholestatic liver disease, and viral hepatitis.
Highlights
Apoptosis, derived from the Greek word for falling leaves, is the most comprehensively studied and described form of programmed cell death
The intrinsic pathway of apoptosis is defined by the nomenclature committee on cell death (NCCD) as a form of regulated cell death that is activated by perturbations in the intracellular and extracellular microenvironment characterized by mitochondrial outer membrane pore formation (MOMP) and precipitated by executioner caspases [1]
receptor-interacting protein kinase-1 (RIPK1) levels were induced with αGalCer treatment; the administration of Nec-1s did not reduce the expression of IFNγ or TNF, indicating that RIPK1 does not play a role in RIPK3-dependent activation of cytokine production in natural killer T (NKT) cells [217]
Summary
Apoptosis, derived from the Greek word for falling leaves, is the most comprehensively studied and described form of programmed cell death.
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