Abstract
Simple SummaryThe epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is an important hallmark in drug resistance and cancer malignancy in cancer stem cells (CSCs). In this study, gene expression in diffuse- and intestinal-type gastric cancer (GC) was investigated to reveal the precise mechanism of EMT. The pathways of cell cycle regulation and DNA damage response were found to be altered in diffuse- and intestinal-type GC. The findings of this study may provide broader insights into CSCs, with new possibilities of the involvement of the cell cycle in EMT.Dynamic regulation in molecular networks including cell cycle regulation and DNA damage response play an important role in cancer. To reveal the feature of cancer malignancy, gene expression and network regulation were profiled in diffuse- and intestinal-type gastric cancer (GC). The results of the network analysis with Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) showed that the activation states of several canonical pathways related to cell cycle regulation were altered. The G1/S checkpoint regulation pathway was activated in diffuse-type GC compared to intestinal-type GC, while canonical pathways of the cell cycle control of chromosomal replication, and the cyclin and cell cycle regulation, were activated in intestinal-type GC compared to diffuse-type GC. A canonical pathway on the role of BRCA1 in the DNA damage response was activated in intestinal-type GC compared to diffuse-type GC, where gene expression of BRCA1, which is related to G1/S phase transition, was upregulated in intestinal-type GC compared to diffuse-type GC. Several microRNAs (miRNAs), such as mir-10, mir-17, mir-19, mir-194, mir-224, mir-25, mir-34, mir-451 and mir-605, were identified to have direct relationships in the G1/S cell cycle checkpoint regulation pathway. Additionally, cell cycle regulation may be altered in epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) conditions. The alterations in the activation states of the pathways related to cell cycle regulation in diffuse- and intestinal-type GC highlighted the significance of cell cycle regulation in EMT.
Highlights
In cancer stem cells (CSCs) in general, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) networks play an important role in acquiring drug resistance and malignant cancer feature [1].Alterations in the gene expression of molecular network pathways result in phenotypic changes
Activation stated of canonical pathways related to cell cycle regulation altered in diffuse- and intestinal-type gastric cancer (GC)
The canonical pathways on G1 /S cell cycle checkpoint regulation were activated in diffuse-type GC, while canonical pathways on cell cycle control of chromosomal replication and cyclins and cell cycle regulation were activated in intestinal-type GC
Summary
In cancer stem cells (CSCs) in general, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) networks play an important role in acquiring drug resistance and malignant cancer feature [1]. Alterations in the gene expression of molecular network pathways result in phenotypic changes. Diffuse-type gastric cancer (GC) has many more mesenchymal characteristics, which is an important feature of EMT, compared with intestinal-type GC. The gene expression profiles have been analyzed for diffuse- and intestinal-type GC to reveal the network pathways in EMT and CSCs [2]. Our previous findings identified several molecular networks and the related microRNAs (miRNAs) in intestinal- and diffuse-type. A few recent studies have revealed the regulation of non-coding RNAs, including miRNAs, in drug resistance and EMT in cancer [4,5,6]. It has been indicated that the knockdown of circular NOP10, a circular RNA that promotes tumor metastasis and EMT, decreased the numbers of cells in the S phase and increased the number of cells in the
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