Abstract
Complex dynamic cellular networks have been studied in physiological and pathological processes under the light of single-cell calcium imaging (SCCI), a method that correlates functional data based on calcium shifts operated by different intracellular and extracellular mechanisms integrated with their cell phenotypes. From the classic synaptic structure to tripartite astrocytic model or the recent quadripartite microglia added ensemble, as well as other physiological tissues, it is possible to follow how cells signal spatiotemporally to cellular patterns. This methodology has been used broadly due to the universal properties of calcium as a second messenger. In general, at least two types of receptor operate through calcium permeation: a fast-acting ionotropic receptor channel and a slow-activating metabotropic receptor, added to exchangers/transporters/pumps and intracellular Ca2+ release activated by messengers. These prototypes have gained an enormous amount of information in dynamic signaling circuits. SCCI has also been used as a method to associate phenotypic markers during development and stage transitions in progenitors, stem, vascular cells, neuro- and glioblasts, neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia that operate through ion channels, transporters, and receptors. Also, cancer cells or inducible cell lines from human organoids characterized by transition stages are currently being used to model diseases or reconfigure healthy cells in terms of the expression of calcium-binding/permeable molecules and shed light on therapy.
Highlights
Since the revolutionary work of Camilo Golgi, Santiago Ramon y Cajal, and Charles Sherrington at the turn of the twentieth century, scientists have attempted to correlate structure and function to understand the nervous system
Calcium shifts induced by ATP in avian Müller glia increased up to 30% in early retinal cells when cannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2 are activated by the cannabinoid agonist WIN 55,212-2 (Figure 2C) (Freitas et al, 2019)
Somatosensorial information combine different modalities such as pain, heat, touch, proprioception, and others by stimulation of peripheral receptors in pseudo-unipolar myelinated and unmyelinated first-order dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons; upon sensorial transduction, neural codes are generated as action potential patterns to cell bodies and to synapses onto secondary neurons located in well-organized Rexed laminae of the spinal cord dorsal horn [reviewed in Peirs and Seal (2016)]
Summary
Imaging as a Reliable Method to Study Neuron–Glial Circuits. Complex dynamic cellular networks have been studied in physiological and pathological processes under the light of single-cell calcium imaging (SCCI), a method that correlates functional data based on calcium shifts operated by different intracellular and extracellular mechanisms integrated with their cell phenotypes. From the classic synaptic structure to tripartite astrocytic model or the recent quadripartite microglia added ensemble, as well as other physiological tissues, it is possible to follow how cells signal spatiotemporally to cellular patterns. This methodology has been used broadly due to the universal properties of calcium as a second messenger. At least two types of receptor operate through calcium permeation: a fast-acting ionotropic receptor channel and a slow-activating metabotropic receptor, added to exchangers/transporters/pumps and intracellular Ca2+ release activated by messengers These prototypes have gained an enormous amount of information in dynamic signaling circuits.
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