Abstract
Myocardial infarction (MI) has been the primary cause of death in developed countries, resulting in a major psychological and financial burden for society. Current treatments for acute MI are directed toward rapid restoration of perfusion to limit damage to the myocardium, rather than promoting tissue regeneration and subsequent contractile function recovery. Regenerative cell therapies (CTs), in particular those using multipotent stem cells (SCs), are in the spotlight for treatment post‐MI. Unfortunately, the efficacy of CTs is somewhat limited by their poor long‐term viability, homing, and engraftment to the myocardium. In response, a range of novel SC‐based technologies are in development to provide additional cellular modalities, bringing CTs a step closer to the clinic. In this review, the current landscape of emerging CTs and their augmentation strategies for the treatment post‐MI are discussed. In doing so, we highlight recent advances in cell membrane reengineering via genetic modifications, recombinant protein immobilization, and the utilization of soft biomimetic scaffold interfaces.
Highlights
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) accounts for 30% of fatalities globally and is the leading cause of mortality in middle-to-high-income countries.[1]
In 2010, the global economic cost of CVD was USD 863 billon and it is expected to reach USD 1044 billion by 2030.2 One of the reasons for this disproportionate economic and societal burden is that the current treatments for myocardial infarction (MI), such as percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG), are costly revascularization procedures which focus on managing the symptoms
New efforts have focused on improving the efficacy of these cell therapies (CTs) by the addition of Another key study has shown that embedding the C-terminal domain peptide of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) in chitosan hydrogels containing mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) improved cell survival by threefold in mice by protecting the transplanted cells from oxidative stress, resulting in enhanced angiogenesis by over 60%, 30% reduction in collagen deposition, and general improvement of cardiac function.[124]
Summary
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) accounts for 30% of fatalities globally and is the leading cause of mortality in middle-to-high-income countries.[1].
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