Abstract
Articular cartilage lesions that do not disrupt the integrity of subchondral bone are not capable of spontaneous repair. The asymptomatic nature of these lesions leads to articular cartilage degeneration and development of the os- teoarthritic process. To avoid joint replacement surgery, several cellular therapies have been developed. These therapies focus on the regeneration of a new tissue, whose structure, biochemistry composition and function should be the same as those of endogenous articular cartilage. Current approaches for interrupting the osteoarthritic process produce a fibrocartilaginous tissue, not articular cartilage. The implantation of autologous chondrocytes and autologous mosaicplasty induces a better quality of articular cartilage; however, both techniques damage the existing cartilage because of the need to harvest large numbers of chondrocytes or to extract an osteochondral cylinder for implantation. While stem cells are a promising tool for repairing articular carti- lage, their use is in an early experimental stage at this time. Although studies of cell therapy have shown clinical and func- tional improvement in joints, the ability to regenerate articular cartilage that resists the degeneration process remains elu- sive.
Highlights
Articular cartilage, which is aneural and relatively avascular, receives its nourishment through diffusion from the synovial fluid
Modalities of cellular therapy to repair focal articular cartilage defects include the implantation of cells with chondrogenic capacity and creating access to the bone-marrow
This review summarizes the options for treatment of articular cartilage defects from both the experimental and clinical perspective (Fig. 1)
Summary
Articular cartilage, which is aneural and relatively avascular, receives its nourishment through diffusion from the synovial fluid. The capacity for the self-repair of articular cartilage is limited. Modalities of cellular therapy to repair focal articular cartilage defects include the implantation of cells with chondrogenic capacity and creating access to the bone-marrow. The overall objective is to heal the chondral defect (repair), but to generate new tissue identical to native articular cartilage in structure, biochemical composition and functional behaviour (regeneration). This review summarizes the options for treatment of articular cartilage defects from both the experimental and clinical perspective (Fig. 1)
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