Abstract
Fifty years ago, on 8 October 1958, Elmqvist and Senning, at the Karolinska Hospital in Stockholm, implanted the first endocardial pacemaker to treat a patient with recurrent Adam–Stokes episodes.1 Since this pioneering experience, arrhythmia management has evolved enormously in the last 50 years, with electrophysiology being one of the areas of medicine where technology has had the strongest impact.2 The technologically driven evolution of devices and tools has been complemented by the acquisition of important scientific evidence of benefit in specific patient settings. Accumulation of hard evidence has … *Corresponding author. Tel: +39 051 349858; fax: +39 051 344859. E-mail address : giuseppe.boriani{at}unibo.it
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