Abstract
Background: The clinical utility of a blood-based biomarker in squamous cell carcinoma of the anus (SCCA) is unknown. We analyzed carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), a commonly employed assay for patients with colorectal adenocarcinoma, as a serum biomarker for patients with biopsy-proven SCCA.Materials and Methods: Medical records from 219 patients with biopsy-proven SCCA at the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center were reviewed under an IRB-approved protocol from 2013 to 2020 to assess for correlations between CEA levels and corresponding clinical and pathologic characteristics.Results: The mean CEA among subgroups by clinical status at the time of presentation to our institution was highest among those patients with metastatic SCCA to visceral organs (M-V, 20.7 ng/mL), however this finding was not statistically significant by ANOVA (p = .74). By clinical subgroup, the percentage of patients with an abnormally elevated CEA was highest in those patients with metastatic disease to lymph nodes (M-L, 41.2%) followed by recurrent/unresectable SCCA (36.8%), and metastatic SCCA to visceral organs (M-V, 35.2%), and was statistically significant between groups (Fisher’s exact test p = .02). Using RECIST criteria for tumor progression and disease response, the mean change in CEA for patients with progression was an increase in 19 ng/mL, compared to a change of –7.3 ng/mL in those with disease response (p = .004). We likewise assessed whether CEA levels were associated with survival outcomes for all patients with metastatic SCCA, and found no correlation between CEA and likelihood for survival in a ROC analysis (multivariate, age-adjusted analysis for CEA cutoff of 8, HR = 1.01, 95% CI 0.52–1.96).Conclusions: Despite interesting patterns of abnormally high CEA in SCCA patients with advanced disease, and correlation of increased CEA with disease progression (and conversely decreased CEA with disease response), CEA is not associated with survival outcomes in SCCA, and is not a clinically relevant biomarker in this disease.
Highlights
Squamous cell carcinoma of the anal canal (SCCA) is a rare cancer of the anogenital track with an estimated incidence of about 8500 new cases and 1350 deaths in 2020 in the U.S annually, comprising 2–3% of all gastrointestinal malignancies [1]
Systemic responses to antiPD-1 monotherapy have been reported for patients with chemotherapy refractory to metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the anus (SCCA) [7, 8]
Correlating change in carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) with change in radiographic tumor burden. For those patients with distant metastatic disease with serial CEA values drawn while receiving cytotoxic chemotherapy, we found that for 35 participants with documented progression, the mean change in CEA values for patients with documented tumor progression was an increase of 19 ng/ml, whereas for 23 participants with documented interval disease response, the mean change in CEA values was −7.3
Summary
Squamous cell carcinoma of the anal canal (SCCA) is a rare cancer of the anogenital track with an estimated incidence of about 8500 new cases and 1350 deaths in 2020 in the U.S annually, comprising 2–3% of all gastrointestinal malignancies [1]. Patients with metastatic disease are generally treated with doublet cytotoxic chemotherapy backbones based upon platinum/taxane or fluoropyrimidine/ platinum [6]. Systemic responses to antiPD-1 monotherapy have been reported for patients with chemotherapy refractory to metastatic SCCA [7, 8]. The clinical utility of a blood-based biomarker in squamous cell carcinoma of the anus (SCCA) is unknown. We analyzed carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), a commonly employed assay for patients with colorectal adenocarcinoma, as a serum biomarker for patients with biopsy-proven SCCA
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