CDX2 expression in primary skin tumors—case series and review of the literature

Abstract

CDX2 expression characterizes tumors of gastrointestinal origin, including those of intestinal-type differentiation. In dermatopathology, CDX2 expression is reported in 4 settings: cutaneous metastases from carcinomas of intestinal origin or differentiation, extramammary Paget's disease associated with an underlying colorectal or urothelial tumor, pilomatricomas and pilomatrical carcinomas, and rare primary cutaneous (adeno)squamous carcinomas with intestinal immunophenotype. Over 4 years (10/2017-10/2021), 252 dermatopathology cases with CDX2 immunostain were reviewed, revealing 46 cases with confirmed positive staining. Among them, 11 cases confirmed as primary nonintestinal type cutaneous carcinoma with definitively positive CDX2 nuclear staining were further studied. All cases demonstrated basaloid morphology with atypia, variable necrosis, and brisk mitotic activity. Cases 1-5 had heterogeneous features that cannot be further classified, including 2 cases with neuroendocrine or pseudoglandular/pseudopapillary features, and 1 case with human papillomavirus high-risk E6/E7 ISH positivity. In cases 6 through 11, the diagnosis of pilomatrical carcinoma was supported morphologically. This study substantiates the association of CDX2 with pilomatrical carcinoma. In addition, CDX2 positivity was observed in a subset of basaloid cutaneous carcinomas of ambiguous classification. However, this finding also raises a diagnostic pitfall in clinical diagnostic specificity of the CDX2 immunostain in skin cancers, which can be observed in rare while heterogeneous subsets of primary cutaneous carcinomas with primitive cytomorphology.