Abstract
Cadmium Oxide nanoparticles have the lowest toxicity when compared to nanoparticles of other semiconductors and they are not detrimental to human and mammalian cells, thereby making them candidates for targeting cancer cells. Synadenium cupulare plant extracts were used to synthesize CdO/CdCO3 nanocomposite using cadmium nitrate tetrahydrate 98% as a precursor salt. The resultant nanoparticles were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, ultraviolet visible spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The nanoparticles were then screened for effect on breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7 and MDA MB-231) and Vero cell line to determine their growth inhibition effect. Cytotoxicity effect was evaluated using 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. XRD showed the peaks of monteponite CdO and otavite CdCO3 nanoparticles. TEM results showed irregular and spherical particles of varying sizes, whilst SEM revealed a non-uniform morphology. FTIR results showed peaks of functional groups which are present in some of the phytochemical compounds found in S. cupulare, and point to the presence of CdO. Annealed CdO/CdCO3 NPs showed selectivity for MCF7 and MDA MB231 in comparison to Vero cell line, thereby supporting the hypothesis that cadmium oxide nanoparticles inhibit growth of cancerous cells more than non-cancerous cells.
Highlights
Cadmium Oxide nanoparticles have the lowest toxicity when compared to nanoparticles of other semiconductors and they are not detrimental to human and mammalian cells, thereby making them candidates for targeting cancer cells
The stem extract of S. cupulare showed the presence of phytosterols, pentose, tannins, glycosides, triterpenoids, saponins and flavonoids
It is possible for the beam to fall precisely on a region of the sample which is purely C showed the presence of Monteponite (CdO), we report on CdO/ CdCO3, which is the actual composition of the sample
Summary
Cadmium Oxide nanoparticles have the lowest toxicity when compared to nanoparticles of other semiconductors and they are not detrimental to human and mammalian cells, thereby making them candidates for targeting cancer cells. Annealed CdO/CdCO3 NPs showed selectivity for MCF7 and MDA MB231 in comparison to Vero cell line, thereby supporting the hypothesis that cadmium oxide nanoparticles inhibit growth of cancerous cells more than non-cancerous cells. The tumours that do not express oestrogen, progesterone and HER-2 receptors are classified as triple negative breast cancer. CdO nanoparticles have the lowest toxicity when compared to nanoparticles of other semiconductors[37,38] They have unique chemical, optical characteristics such as fluorescence, high resolution second harmonic generation and two photon-emissions, photoelectrochemical and electrical properties, which make them. The employment of green syntheses avoids the production of hazardous end-production by utilizing efficacious and environmentally friendly amalgamation techniques This is achieved by using organic materials (plant extracts, fungi and algae) and various solvents. The processing and production of metal NPs in bulk using extracts from plants is easier in comparison to using other biological m aterials[34]
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