Abstract

Tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM) can be induced by infection and vaccination, and play a key role in maintaining long-term protective immunity against mucosal pathogens. Our studies explored the key factors and mechanisms affecting the differentiation, maturation, and stable residence of gastric epithelial CD4+ TRM induced by Helicobacter pylori (Hp) vaccine and optimized Hp vaccination to promote the generation and residence of TRM.CD38 regulated mitochondrial activity and enhanced TGF-β signal transduction to promote the differentiation and residence of gastric epithelial CD4+ TRM by mediating the expression of CD105. Extracellular nucleotides influenced the long-term maintenance of TRM in gastric epithelium by P2RX7. Vitamin D3 and Gram-positive enhancer matrix particles (GEMs)as immune adjuvants combined with Hp vaccination promoted the production of CD69+CD103+CD4+ TRM.

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