CD21 (Complement Receptor 2) Is the Receptor for Epstein-Barr Virus Entry into T Cells

Abstract

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is associated with a number of T-cell diseases, including some peripheral T-cell lymphomas, hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, and chronic active EBV disease. The tropism of EBV for B cells and epithelial cell infection has been well characterized, but infection of T cells has been minimally explored. We have recently shown that the EBV type 2 (EBV-2) strain has the unique ability to infect mature T cells. Utilizing an ex vivo infection model, we sought to understand the viral glycoprotein and cellular receptor required for EBV-2 infection of T cells. Here, using a neutralizing-antibody assay, we found that viral gp350 and complement receptor 2 (CD21) are required for CD3+ T-cell infection. Using the HB5 anti-CD21 antibody clone but not the Bly-4 anti-CD21 antibody clone, we detected expression of CD21 on both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, with the highest expression on naive CD4 and CD8+ T-cell subsets. Using CRISPR to knock out CD21, we demonstrated that CD21 is necessary for EBV entry into the Jurkat T-cell line. Together, these results indicate that EBV uses the same viral glycoprotein and cellular receptor for both T- and B-cell infection.IMPORTANCE Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) has a well-described tropism for B cells and epithelial cells. Recently, we described the ability of a second strain of EBV, EBV type 2, to infect mature peripheral T cells. Using a neutralizing antibody assay, we determined that EBV uses the viral glycoprotein gp350 and the cellular protein CD21 to gain entry into mature peripheral T cells. CRISPR-Cas9 deletion of CD21 on the Jurkat T-cell line confirmed that CD21 is required for EBV infection. This study has broad implications, as we have defined a function for CD21 on mature peripheral T cells, i.e., as a receptor for EBV. In addition, the requirement for gp350 for T-cell entry has implications for EBV vaccine studies currently targeting the gp350 glycoprotein to prevent EBV-associated diseases.