Ccr2 Dependent Monocytes Exacerbate Intestinal Inflammation and Modulate Gut Serotonergic Signaling Following Traumatic Brain Injury.

Abstract

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) leads to acute gastrointestinal dysfunction and mucosal damage, resulting in feeding intolerance. Ccr2+ monocytes are crucial immune cells that regulate the gut's inflammatory response via the brain-gut axis. Using CCR2KO mice, we investigated the intricate interplay between these cells to better elucidate the role of systemic inflammation after TBI. A murine-controlled cortical impact model was utilized, and results were analyzed on post-injury days (PID) 1 and 3. The experimental groups included (1) Sham C57Bl/6 wild-type (WT), (2) TBI WT, (3) Sham CCR2KO and (4) TBI CCR2KO. Mice were euthanized on PID 1 and 3 to harvest the ileum and study intestinal dysfunction and serotonergic signaling using a combination of quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), immunohistochemistry, FITC-dextran motility assays, and flow cytometry. Student's t-test and one-way ANOVA were used for statistical analysis, with significance achieved when p < 0.05. TBI resulted in severe dysfunction and dysmotility of the small intestine in WT mice as established by significant upregulation of inflammatory cytokines iNOS, Lcn2, TNFα, and IL1β and the innate immunity receptor toll-like receptor 4 (Tlr4). This was accompanied by disruption of genes related to serotonin synthesis and degradation. Notably, CCR2KO mice subjected to TBI showed substantial improvements in intestinal pathology. TBI CCR2KO groups demonstrated reduced expression of inflammatory mediators (iNOS, Lcn2, IL1β, and Tlr4) and improvement in serotonin synthesis genes, including tryptophan hydroxylase 1 (Tph1) and dopa decarboxylase (Ddc). Our study reveals a critical role for Ccr2+ monocytes in modulating intestinal homeostasis after TBI. Ccr2+ monocytes aggravate intestinal inflammation and alter gut-derived serotonergic signaling. Therefore, targeting Ccr2+ monocyte-dependent responses could provide a better understanding of TBI-induced gut inflammation. Further studies are required to elucidate the impact of these changes on brain neuroinflammation and cognitive outcomes. Original Article (Basic Science, level of evidence N/A).