Abstract
PurposeChemokine (C-Cmotif) ligand 2 (CCL2) is a major chemokine that recruit monocytes and macrophages to the sites of inflammation. Recent researches have clarified that overexpression of CCL2 is associated with unfavorable prognosis in various cancer types. In this study, we aim to determine the prognostic value of CCL2 expression as well as its receptor C-C motif receptor type 2 (CCR2) in patients with non-metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) after surgery.ResultsBoth high CCL2 and CCR2 expression were remarkably correlated with shortened survival time (P < 0.001 and P < 0.001, respectively) and increased risk of recurrence (P = 0.001 and P = 0.003, respectively). The combination of CCL2 and CCR2 expression (CCL2/CCR2 signature) could offer a better prognostic stratification. Furthermore, multivariate analyses identified CCL2/CCR2 signature as an independent risk factor for overall survival (OS) and recurrence-free survival (RFS) (P = 0.007 and P = 0.043, respectively). The incorporation of CCL2/CCR2 signature would refine individual risk stratification and predictive accuracy of the well-established models.Materials and MethodsWe retrospectively examined the intratumoral expression of CCL2 and CCR2 by immunohistochemical staining in 268 histologically proven non-metastatic ccRCC patients receiving surgery in a single institution between 2001 and 2004. Kaplan-Meier analysis and Cox regression were applied to determine the prognostic value of CCL2 and CCR2 expression. Concordance index was calculated to compare predictive accuracy of the established models.ConclusionsCombined CCL2 and CCR2 expression emerges as an independent prognostic factor for non-metastatic ccRCC patients after surgical treatment.
Highlights
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the most common type of kidney cancer
Both high CCL2 and C motif receptor type 2 (CCR2) expression were remarkably correlated with shortened survival time (P < 0.001 and P < 0.001, respectively) and increased risk of recurrence (P = 0.001 and P = 0.003, respectively)
Combined CCL2 and CCR2 expression emerges as an independent prognostic factor for non-metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) patients after surgical treatment
Summary
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the most common type of kidney cancer. Several prognostic models based on certain kinds of clinicopathologic features have been established to estimate patients who are at a high risk of relapse after surgery, such as Mayo Clinic stage, size, grade and necrosis (SSIGN) score and University of California Integrated Staging System (UISS) [4]. These www.impactjournals.com/oncotarget models have proven to be efficacy in guiding treatment, they still have the potential to be further improved. Previous studies have demonstrated that some molecular biomarkers are capable of distinguishing subtypes of disease and assist in predicting clinical outcomes in various cancer types [5, 6]
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