Abstract
With growing consumer demand for natural products, greener extraction techniques are found to be potential alternatives especially for pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, and cosmetic manufacturing industries. Cavitation-based technology has drawn immense attention as a greener extraction method, following its rapid and effective extraction of numerous natural products compared to conventional techniques. The advantages of cavitation-based extraction (CE) are to eliminate the application of toxic solvents, reduction of extraction time and to achieve better extraction yield, as well as purity. The cavitational phenomena enhance the extraction efficiency via increased mass transfer rate between the substrate and solvent, following the cell wall rupture, due to the intense implosion of bubbles. This review includes a detailed overview of the ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), negative pressure cavitation (NPC) extraction, hydrodynamic cavitation extraction (HCE) and combined extractions techniques which have been implemented for the extraction of high-value-added compounds. A list of essential parameters necessary for the maximum possible extraction yield has been discussed. The optimization of parameters, such as ultrasonic power density, frequency, inlet pressure of HC, extraction temperature and the reactor configuration denote their significance for better efficiency. Furthermore, the advantages and drawbacks associated with extraction and future research directions have also been pointed out.
Highlights
Extraction of numerous products and their applications is prevalent from ancient time
If the cavitation event occurs, due to the passage of ultrasound waves in the liquid medium, it is termed as acoustic cavitation, whereas if it occurs, due to the pressure variations in the flowing liquid concerning the change in the geometry of constriction, it is called as hydrodynamic cavitation (HC)
Oleaginous microorganisms are a vital source of lipids mostly as neutral lipids, phospholipids, glycolipids and free fatty acids (FFA), which can be effectively recovered via ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE)
Summary
Extraction of numerous products and their applications is prevalent from ancient time. Extraction is an essential part of the production line in food, cosmetic, pharmaceutical and nutraceutical industries and the advancement in extraction technology will bring significant benefits in terms of energy consumption, pollution abatement, as well as producing a better quality of extract Novel techniques, such as cavitation-based extraction (CE) are currently one of the most investigated areas because of its economic advantages and potential for large-scale implementation soon. Several investigations on cavitation-assisted extraction of natural products, such as polysaccharides, bioactive compounds, proteins, flavors, fragrances, essential oils, and fine chemicals (pigments and dyes) indicated its competence in achieving highest yield and better quality of extract from numerous matrices (food, plant, and microorganisms). This review comprises of discussion regarding the crucial mechanisms behind cavitational extraction and the role of essential parameters for achieving enhanced yield
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